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b90efa5b | 1 | @c Copyright (C) 1996-2015 Free Software Foundation, Inc. |
252b5132 RH |
2 | @c This is part of the GAS manual. |
3 | @c For copying conditions, see the file as.texinfo. | |
4 | ||
5 | @ifset GENERIC | |
6 | @page | |
7 | @node ARM-Dependent | |
8 | @chapter ARM Dependent Features | |
9 | @end ifset | |
10 | ||
11 | @ifclear GENERIC | |
12 | @node Machine Dependencies | |
13 | @chapter ARM Dependent Features | |
14 | @end ifclear | |
15 | ||
16 | @cindex ARM support | |
17 | @cindex Thumb support | |
18 | @menu | |
19 | * ARM Options:: Options | |
20 | * ARM Syntax:: Syntax | |
21 | * ARM Floating Point:: Floating Point | |
22 | * ARM Directives:: ARM Machine Directives | |
23 | * ARM Opcodes:: Opcodes | |
6057a28f | 24 | * ARM Mapping Symbols:: Mapping Symbols |
7da4f750 | 25 | * ARM Unwinding Tutorial:: Unwinding |
252b5132 RH |
26 | @end menu |
27 | ||
28 | @node ARM Options | |
29 | @section Options | |
30 | @cindex ARM options (none) | |
31 | @cindex options for ARM (none) | |
adcf07e6 | 32 | |
252b5132 | 33 | @table @code |
adcf07e6 | 34 | |
03b1477f | 35 | @cindex @code{-mcpu=} command line option, ARM |
92081f48 | 36 | @item -mcpu=@var{processor}[+@var{extension}@dots{}] |
252b5132 RH |
37 | This option specifies the target processor. The assembler will issue an |
38 | error message if an attempt is made to assemble an instruction which | |
03b1477f | 39 | will not execute on the target processor. The following processor names are |
34bca508 | 40 | recognized: |
03b1477f RE |
41 | @code{arm1}, |
42 | @code{arm2}, | |
43 | @code{arm250}, | |
44 | @code{arm3}, | |
45 | @code{arm6}, | |
46 | @code{arm60}, | |
47 | @code{arm600}, | |
48 | @code{arm610}, | |
49 | @code{arm620}, | |
50 | @code{arm7}, | |
51 | @code{arm7m}, | |
52 | @code{arm7d}, | |
53 | @code{arm7dm}, | |
54 | @code{arm7di}, | |
55 | @code{arm7dmi}, | |
56 | @code{arm70}, | |
57 | @code{arm700}, | |
58 | @code{arm700i}, | |
59 | @code{arm710}, | |
60 | @code{arm710t}, | |
61 | @code{arm720}, | |
62 | @code{arm720t}, | |
63 | @code{arm740t}, | |
64 | @code{arm710c}, | |
65 | @code{arm7100}, | |
66 | @code{arm7500}, | |
67 | @code{arm7500fe}, | |
68 | @code{arm7t}, | |
69 | @code{arm7tdmi}, | |
1ff4677c | 70 | @code{arm7tdmi-s}, |
03b1477f RE |
71 | @code{arm8}, |
72 | @code{arm810}, | |
73 | @code{strongarm}, | |
74 | @code{strongarm1}, | |
75 | @code{strongarm110}, | |
76 | @code{strongarm1100}, | |
77 | @code{strongarm1110}, | |
78 | @code{arm9}, | |
79 | @code{arm920}, | |
80 | @code{arm920t}, | |
81 | @code{arm922t}, | |
82 | @code{arm940t}, | |
83 | @code{arm9tdmi}, | |
7fac0536 NC |
84 | @code{fa526} (Faraday FA526 processor), |
85 | @code{fa626} (Faraday FA626 processor), | |
03b1477f | 86 | @code{arm9e}, |
7de9afa2 | 87 | @code{arm926e}, |
1ff4677c | 88 | @code{arm926ej-s}, |
03b1477f RE |
89 | @code{arm946e-r0}, |
90 | @code{arm946e}, | |
db8ac8f9 | 91 | @code{arm946e-s}, |
03b1477f RE |
92 | @code{arm966e-r0}, |
93 | @code{arm966e}, | |
db8ac8f9 PB |
94 | @code{arm966e-s}, |
95 | @code{arm968e-s}, | |
03b1477f | 96 | @code{arm10t}, |
db8ac8f9 | 97 | @code{arm10tdmi}, |
03b1477f RE |
98 | @code{arm10e}, |
99 | @code{arm1020}, | |
100 | @code{arm1020t}, | |
7de9afa2 | 101 | @code{arm1020e}, |
db8ac8f9 | 102 | @code{arm1022e}, |
1ff4677c | 103 | @code{arm1026ej-s}, |
4a58c4bd NC |
104 | @code{fa606te} (Faraday FA606TE processor), |
105 | @code{fa616te} (Faraday FA616TE processor), | |
7fac0536 | 106 | @code{fa626te} (Faraday FA626TE processor), |
4a58c4bd | 107 | @code{fmp626} (Faraday FMP626 processor), |
7fac0536 | 108 | @code{fa726te} (Faraday FA726TE processor), |
1ff4677c RE |
109 | @code{arm1136j-s}, |
110 | @code{arm1136jf-s}, | |
db8ac8f9 PB |
111 | @code{arm1156t2-s}, |
112 | @code{arm1156t2f-s}, | |
0dd132b6 NC |
113 | @code{arm1176jz-s}, |
114 | @code{arm1176jzf-s}, | |
115 | @code{mpcore}, | |
116 | @code{mpcorenovfp}, | |
b38f9f31 | 117 | @code{cortex-a5}, |
c90460e4 | 118 | @code{cortex-a7}, |
62b3e311 | 119 | @code{cortex-a8}, |
15290f0a | 120 | @code{cortex-a9}, |
dbb1f804 | 121 | @code{cortex-a15}, |
4469186b KT |
122 | @code{cortex-a53}, |
123 | @code{cortex-a57}, | |
124 | @code{cortex-a72}, | |
62b3e311 | 125 | @code{cortex-r4}, |
307c948d | 126 | @code{cortex-r4f}, |
70a8bc5b | 127 | @code{cortex-r5}, |
128 | @code{cortex-r7}, | |
a715796b | 129 | @code{cortex-m7}, |
7ef07ba0 | 130 | @code{cortex-m4}, |
62b3e311 | 131 | @code{cortex-m3}, |
5b19eaba NC |
132 | @code{cortex-m1}, |
133 | @code{cortex-m0}, | |
ce32bd10 | 134 | @code{cortex-m0plus}, |
246496bb | 135 | @code{exynos-m1}, |
ea0d6bb9 PT |
136 | @code{marvell-pj4}, |
137 | @code{marvell-whitney}, | |
138 | @code{xgene1}, | |
139 | @code{xgene2}, | |
03b1477f RE |
140 | @code{ep9312} (ARM920 with Cirrus Maverick coprocessor), |
141 | @code{i80200} (Intel XScale processor) | |
e16bb312 | 142 | @code{iwmmxt} (Intel(r) XScale processor with Wireless MMX(tm) technology coprocessor) |
03b1477f | 143 | and |
34bca508 | 144 | @code{xscale}. |
03b1477f RE |
145 | The special name @code{all} may be used to allow the |
146 | assembler to accept instructions valid for any ARM processor. | |
147 | ||
34bca508 L |
148 | In addition to the basic instruction set, the assembler can be told to |
149 | accept various extension mnemonics that extend the processor using the | |
03b1477f | 150 | co-processor instruction space. For example, @code{-mcpu=arm920+maverick} |
34bca508 | 151 | is equivalent to specifying @code{-mcpu=ep9312}. |
69133863 | 152 | |
34bca508 | 153 | Multiple extensions may be specified, separated by a @code{+}. The |
69133863 MGD |
154 | extensions should be specified in ascending alphabetical order. |
155 | ||
34bca508 | 156 | Some extensions may be restricted to particular architectures; this is |
60e5ef9f MGD |
157 | documented in the list of extensions below. |
158 | ||
34bca508 L |
159 | Extension mnemonics may also be removed from those the assembler accepts. |
160 | This is done be prepending @code{no} to the option that adds the extension. | |
161 | Extensions that are removed should be listed after all extensions which have | |
162 | been added, again in ascending alphabetical order. For example, | |
69133863 MGD |
163 | @code{-mcpu=ep9312+nomaverick} is equivalent to specifying @code{-mcpu=arm920}. |
164 | ||
165 | ||
eea54501 | 166 | The following extensions are currently supported: |
ea0d6bb9 | 167 | @code{crc} |
bca38921 MGD |
168 | @code{crypto} (Cryptography Extensions for v8-A architecture, implies @code{fp+simd}), |
169 | @code{fp} (Floating Point Extensions for v8-A architecture), | |
170 | @code{idiv} (Integer Divide Extensions for v7-A and v7-R architectures), | |
69133863 MGD |
171 | @code{iwmmxt}, |
172 | @code{iwmmxt2}, | |
ea0d6bb9 | 173 | @code{xscale}, |
69133863 | 174 | @code{maverick}, |
ea0d6bb9 PT |
175 | @code{mp} (Multiprocessing Extensions for v7-A and v7-R |
176 | architectures), | |
b2a5fbdc | 177 | @code{os} (Operating System for v6M architecture), |
f4c65163 | 178 | @code{sec} (Security Extensions for v6K and v7-A architectures), |
bca38921 | 179 | @code{simd} (Advanced SIMD Extensions for v8-A architecture, implies @code{fp}), |
34bca508 | 180 | @code{virt} (Virtualization Extensions for v7-A architecture, implies |
90ec0d68 | 181 | @code{idiv}), |
d6b4b13e MW |
182 | @code{pan} (Priviliged Access Never Extensions for v8-A architecture), |
183 | @code{rdma} (ARMv8.1 Advanced SIMD extensions for v8-A architecture, implies | |
184 | @code{simd}) | |
03b1477f | 185 | and |
69133863 | 186 | @code{xscale}. |
03b1477f RE |
187 | |
188 | @cindex @code{-march=} command line option, ARM | |
92081f48 | 189 | @item -march=@var{architecture}[+@var{extension}@dots{}] |
252b5132 RH |
190 | This option specifies the target architecture. The assembler will issue |
191 | an error message if an attempt is made to assemble an instruction which | |
34bca508 L |
192 | will not execute on the target architecture. The following architecture |
193 | names are recognized: | |
03b1477f RE |
194 | @code{armv1}, |
195 | @code{armv2}, | |
196 | @code{armv2a}, | |
197 | @code{armv2s}, | |
198 | @code{armv3}, | |
199 | @code{armv3m}, | |
200 | @code{armv4}, | |
201 | @code{armv4xm}, | |
202 | @code{armv4t}, | |
203 | @code{armv4txm}, | |
204 | @code{armv5}, | |
205 | @code{armv5t}, | |
206 | @code{armv5txm}, | |
207 | @code{armv5te}, | |
09d92015 | 208 | @code{armv5texp}, |
c5f98204 | 209 | @code{armv6}, |
1ddd7f43 | 210 | @code{armv6j}, |
0dd132b6 NC |
211 | @code{armv6k}, |
212 | @code{armv6z}, | |
213 | @code{armv6zk}, | |
b2a5fbdc MGD |
214 | @code{armv6-m}, |
215 | @code{armv6s-m}, | |
62b3e311 | 216 | @code{armv7}, |
c450d570 | 217 | @code{armv7-a}, |
c9fb6e58 | 218 | @code{armv7ve}, |
c450d570 PB |
219 | @code{armv7-r}, |
220 | @code{armv7-m}, | |
9e3c6df6 | 221 | @code{armv7e-m}, |
bca38921 | 222 | @code{armv8-a}, |
a5932920 | 223 | @code{armv8.1-a}, |
e16bb312 | 224 | @code{iwmmxt} |
ea0d6bb9 | 225 | @code{iwmmxt2} |
03b1477f RE |
226 | and |
227 | @code{xscale}. | |
228 | If both @code{-mcpu} and | |
229 | @code{-march} are specified, the assembler will use | |
230 | the setting for @code{-mcpu}. | |
231 | ||
232 | The architecture option can be extended with the same instruction set | |
233 | extension options as the @code{-mcpu} option. | |
234 | ||
235 | @cindex @code{-mfpu=} command line option, ARM | |
236 | @item -mfpu=@var{floating-point-format} | |
237 | ||
238 | This option specifies the floating point format to assemble for. The | |
239 | assembler will issue an error message if an attempt is made to assemble | |
34bca508 | 240 | an instruction which will not execute on the target floating point unit. |
03b1477f RE |
241 | The following format options are recognized: |
242 | @code{softfpa}, | |
243 | @code{fpe}, | |
bc89618b RE |
244 | @code{fpe2}, |
245 | @code{fpe3}, | |
03b1477f RE |
246 | @code{fpa}, |
247 | @code{fpa10}, | |
248 | @code{fpa11}, | |
249 | @code{arm7500fe}, | |
250 | @code{softvfp}, | |
251 | @code{softvfp+vfp}, | |
252 | @code{vfp}, | |
253 | @code{vfp10}, | |
254 | @code{vfp10-r0}, | |
255 | @code{vfp9}, | |
256 | @code{vfpxd}, | |
62f3b8c8 PB |
257 | @code{vfpv2}, |
258 | @code{vfpv3}, | |
259 | @code{vfpv3-fp16}, | |
260 | @code{vfpv3-d16}, | |
261 | @code{vfpv3-d16-fp16}, | |
262 | @code{vfpv3xd}, | |
263 | @code{vfpv3xd-d16}, | |
264 | @code{vfpv4}, | |
265 | @code{vfpv4-d16}, | |
f0cd0667 | 266 | @code{fpv4-sp-d16}, |
a715796b TG |
267 | @code{fpv5-sp-d16}, |
268 | @code{fpv5-d16}, | |
bca38921 | 269 | @code{fp-armv8}, |
09d92015 MM |
270 | @code{arm1020t}, |
271 | @code{arm1020e}, | |
b1cc4aeb | 272 | @code{arm1136jf-s}, |
62f3b8c8 PB |
273 | @code{maverick}, |
274 | @code{neon}, | |
bca38921 MGD |
275 | @code{neon-vfpv4}, |
276 | @code{neon-fp-armv8}, | |
081e4c7d MW |
277 | @code{crypto-neon-fp-armv8}, |
278 | @code{neon-fp-armv8.1} | |
d6b4b13e | 279 | and |
081e4c7d | 280 | @code{crypto-neon-fp-armv8.1}. |
03b1477f RE |
281 | |
282 | In addition to determining which instructions are assembled, this option | |
283 | also affects the way in which the @code{.double} assembler directive behaves | |
284 | when assembling little-endian code. | |
285 | ||
34bca508 L |
286 | The default is dependent on the processor selected. For Architecture 5 or |
287 | later, the default is to assembler for VFP instructions; for earlier | |
03b1477f | 288 | architectures the default is to assemble for FPA instructions. |
adcf07e6 | 289 | |
252b5132 RH |
290 | @cindex @code{-mthumb} command line option, ARM |
291 | @item -mthumb | |
03b1477f | 292 | This option specifies that the assembler should start assembling Thumb |
34bca508 | 293 | instructions; that is, it should behave as though the file starts with a |
03b1477f | 294 | @code{.code 16} directive. |
adcf07e6 | 295 | |
252b5132 RH |
296 | @cindex @code{-mthumb-interwork} command line option, ARM |
297 | @item -mthumb-interwork | |
298 | This option specifies that the output generated by the assembler should | |
299 | be marked as supporting interworking. | |
adcf07e6 | 300 | |
52970753 NC |
301 | @cindex @code{-mimplicit-it} command line option, ARM |
302 | @item -mimplicit-it=never | |
303 | @itemx -mimplicit-it=always | |
304 | @itemx -mimplicit-it=arm | |
305 | @itemx -mimplicit-it=thumb | |
306 | The @code{-mimplicit-it} option controls the behavior of the assembler when | |
307 | conditional instructions are not enclosed in IT blocks. | |
308 | There are four possible behaviors. | |
309 | If @code{never} is specified, such constructs cause a warning in ARM | |
310 | code and an error in Thumb-2 code. | |
311 | If @code{always} is specified, such constructs are accepted in both | |
312 | ARM and Thumb-2 code, where the IT instruction is added implicitly. | |
313 | If @code{arm} is specified, such constructs are accepted in ARM code | |
314 | and cause an error in Thumb-2 code. | |
315 | If @code{thumb} is specified, such constructs cause a warning in ARM | |
316 | code and are accepted in Thumb-2 code. If you omit this option, the | |
317 | behavior is equivalent to @code{-mimplicit-it=arm}. | |
e07e6e58 | 318 | |
5a5829dd NS |
319 | @cindex @code{-mapcs-26} command line option, ARM |
320 | @cindex @code{-mapcs-32} command line option, ARM | |
321 | @item -mapcs-26 | |
322 | @itemx -mapcs-32 | |
323 | These options specify that the output generated by the assembler should | |
252b5132 RH |
324 | be marked as supporting the indicated version of the Arm Procedure. |
325 | Calling Standard. | |
adcf07e6 | 326 | |
077b8428 NC |
327 | @cindex @code{-matpcs} command line option, ARM |
328 | @item -matpcs | |
34bca508 | 329 | This option specifies that the output generated by the assembler should |
077b8428 NC |
330 | be marked as supporting the Arm/Thumb Procedure Calling Standard. If |
331 | enabled this option will cause the assembler to create an empty | |
332 | debugging section in the object file called .arm.atpcs. Debuggers can | |
333 | use this to determine the ABI being used by. | |
334 | ||
adcf07e6 | 335 | @cindex @code{-mapcs-float} command line option, ARM |
252b5132 | 336 | @item -mapcs-float |
1be59579 | 337 | This indicates the floating point variant of the APCS should be |
252b5132 | 338 | used. In this variant floating point arguments are passed in FP |
550262c4 | 339 | registers rather than integer registers. |
adcf07e6 NC |
340 | |
341 | @cindex @code{-mapcs-reentrant} command line option, ARM | |
252b5132 RH |
342 | @item -mapcs-reentrant |
343 | This indicates that the reentrant variant of the APCS should be used. | |
344 | This variant supports position independent code. | |
adcf07e6 | 345 | |
33a392fb PB |
346 | @cindex @code{-mfloat-abi=} command line option, ARM |
347 | @item -mfloat-abi=@var{abi} | |
348 | This option specifies that the output generated by the assembler should be | |
349 | marked as using specified floating point ABI. | |
350 | The following values are recognized: | |
351 | @code{soft}, | |
352 | @code{softfp} | |
353 | and | |
354 | @code{hard}. | |
355 | ||
d507cf36 PB |
356 | @cindex @code{-eabi=} command line option, ARM |
357 | @item -meabi=@var{ver} | |
358 | This option specifies which EABI version the produced object files should | |
359 | conform to. | |
b45619c0 | 360 | The following values are recognized: |
3a4a14e9 PB |
361 | @code{gnu}, |
362 | @code{4} | |
d507cf36 | 363 | and |
3a4a14e9 | 364 | @code{5}. |
d507cf36 | 365 | |
252b5132 RH |
366 | @cindex @code{-EB} command line option, ARM |
367 | @item -EB | |
368 | This option specifies that the output generated by the assembler should | |
369 | be marked as being encoded for a big-endian processor. | |
adcf07e6 | 370 | |
080bb7bb NC |
371 | Note: If a program is being built for a system with big-endian data |
372 | and little-endian instructions then it should be assembled with the | |
373 | @option{-EB} option, (all of it, code and data) and then linked with | |
374 | the @option{--be8} option. This will reverse the endianness of the | |
375 | instructions back to little-endian, but leave the data as big-endian. | |
376 | ||
252b5132 RH |
377 | @cindex @code{-EL} command line option, ARM |
378 | @item -EL | |
379 | This option specifies that the output generated by the assembler should | |
380 | be marked as being encoded for a little-endian processor. | |
adcf07e6 | 381 | |
252b5132 RH |
382 | @cindex @code{-k} command line option, ARM |
383 | @cindex PIC code generation for ARM | |
384 | @item -k | |
a349d9dd PB |
385 | This option specifies that the output of the assembler should be marked |
386 | as position-independent code (PIC). | |
adcf07e6 | 387 | |
845b51d6 PB |
388 | @cindex @code{--fix-v4bx} command line option, ARM |
389 | @item --fix-v4bx | |
390 | Allow @code{BX} instructions in ARMv4 code. This is intended for use with | |
391 | the linker option of the same name. | |
392 | ||
278df34e NS |
393 | @cindex @code{-mwarn-deprecated} command line option, ARM |
394 | @item -mwarn-deprecated | |
395 | @itemx -mno-warn-deprecated | |
396 | Enable or disable warnings about using deprecated options or | |
397 | features. The default is to warn. | |
398 | ||
2e6976a8 DG |
399 | @cindex @code{-mccs} command line option, ARM |
400 | @item -mccs | |
401 | Turns on CodeComposer Studio assembly syntax compatibility mode. | |
402 | ||
8b2d793c NC |
403 | @cindex @code{-mwarn-syms} command line option, ARM |
404 | @item -mwarn-syms | |
405 | @itemx -mno-warn-syms | |
406 | Enable or disable warnings about symbols that match the names of ARM | |
407 | instructions. The default is to warn. | |
408 | ||
252b5132 RH |
409 | @end table |
410 | ||
411 | ||
412 | @node ARM Syntax | |
413 | @section Syntax | |
414 | @menu | |
cab7e4d9 | 415 | * ARM-Instruction-Set:: Instruction Set |
252b5132 RH |
416 | * ARM-Chars:: Special Characters |
417 | * ARM-Regs:: Register Names | |
b6895b4f | 418 | * ARM-Relocations:: Relocations |
99f1a7a7 | 419 | * ARM-Neon-Alignment:: NEON Alignment Specifiers |
252b5132 RH |
420 | @end menu |
421 | ||
cab7e4d9 NC |
422 | @node ARM-Instruction-Set |
423 | @subsection Instruction Set Syntax | |
424 | Two slightly different syntaxes are support for ARM and THUMB | |
425 | instructions. The default, @code{divided}, uses the old style where | |
426 | ARM and THUMB instructions had their own, separate syntaxes. The new, | |
427 | @code{unified} syntax, which can be selected via the @code{.syntax} | |
428 | directive, and has the following main features: | |
429 | ||
9e6f3811 AS |
430 | @itemize @bullet |
431 | @item | |
cab7e4d9 NC |
432 | Immediate operands do not require a @code{#} prefix. |
433 | ||
9e6f3811 | 434 | @item |
cab7e4d9 NC |
435 | The @code{IT} instruction may appear, and if it does it is validated |
436 | against subsequent conditional affixes. In ARM mode it does not | |
437 | generate machine code, in THUMB mode it does. | |
438 | ||
9e6f3811 | 439 | @item |
cab7e4d9 NC |
440 | For ARM instructions the conditional affixes always appear at the end |
441 | of the instruction. For THUMB instructions conditional affixes can be | |
442 | used, but only inside the scope of an @code{IT} instruction. | |
443 | ||
9e6f3811 | 444 | @item |
cab7e4d9 NC |
445 | All of the instructions new to the V6T2 architecture (and later) are |
446 | available. (Only a few such instructions can be written in the | |
447 | @code{divided} syntax). | |
448 | ||
9e6f3811 | 449 | @item |
cab7e4d9 NC |
450 | The @code{.N} and @code{.W} suffixes are recognized and honored. |
451 | ||
9e6f3811 | 452 | @item |
cab7e4d9 NC |
453 | All instructions set the flags if and only if they have an @code{s} |
454 | affix. | |
9e6f3811 | 455 | @end itemize |
cab7e4d9 | 456 | |
252b5132 RH |
457 | @node ARM-Chars |
458 | @subsection Special Characters | |
459 | ||
460 | @cindex line comment character, ARM | |
461 | @cindex ARM line comment character | |
7c31ae13 NC |
462 | The presence of a @samp{@@} anywhere on a line indicates the start of |
463 | a comment that extends to the end of that line. | |
464 | ||
465 | If a @samp{#} appears as the first character of a line then the whole | |
466 | line is treated as a comment, but in this case the line could also be | |
467 | a logical line number directive (@pxref{Comments}) or a preprocessor | |
468 | control command (@pxref{Preprocessing}). | |
550262c4 NC |
469 | |
470 | @cindex line separator, ARM | |
471 | @cindex statement separator, ARM | |
472 | @cindex ARM line separator | |
a349d9dd PB |
473 | The @samp{;} character can be used instead of a newline to separate |
474 | statements. | |
550262c4 NC |
475 | |
476 | @cindex immediate character, ARM | |
477 | @cindex ARM immediate character | |
478 | Either @samp{#} or @samp{$} can be used to indicate immediate operands. | |
252b5132 RH |
479 | |
480 | @cindex identifiers, ARM | |
481 | @cindex ARM identifiers | |
482 | *TODO* Explain about /data modifier on symbols. | |
483 | ||
484 | @node ARM-Regs | |
485 | @subsection Register Names | |
486 | ||
487 | @cindex ARM register names | |
488 | @cindex register names, ARM | |
489 | *TODO* Explain about ARM register naming, and the predefined names. | |
490 | ||
b6895b4f PB |
491 | @node ARM-Relocations |
492 | @subsection ARM relocation generation | |
493 | ||
494 | @cindex data relocations, ARM | |
495 | @cindex ARM data relocations | |
496 | Specific data relocations can be generated by putting the relocation name | |
497 | in parentheses after the symbol name. For example: | |
498 | ||
499 | @smallexample | |
500 | .word foo(TARGET1) | |
501 | @end smallexample | |
502 | ||
503 | This will generate an @samp{R_ARM_TARGET1} relocation against the symbol | |
504 | @var{foo}. | |
505 | The following relocations are supported: | |
506 | @code{GOT}, | |
507 | @code{GOTOFF}, | |
508 | @code{TARGET1}, | |
509 | @code{TARGET2}, | |
510 | @code{SBREL}, | |
511 | @code{TLSGD}, | |
512 | @code{TLSLDM}, | |
513 | @code{TLSLDO}, | |
0855e32b NS |
514 | @code{TLSDESC}, |
515 | @code{TLSCALL}, | |
b43420e6 NC |
516 | @code{GOTTPOFF}, |
517 | @code{GOT_PREL} | |
b6895b4f PB |
518 | and |
519 | @code{TPOFF}. | |
520 | ||
521 | For compatibility with older toolchains the assembler also accepts | |
3da1d841 NC |
522 | @code{(PLT)} after branch targets. On legacy targets this will |
523 | generate the deprecated @samp{R_ARM_PLT32} relocation. On EABI | |
524 | targets it will encode either the @samp{R_ARM_CALL} or | |
525 | @samp{R_ARM_JUMP24} relocation, as appropriate. | |
b6895b4f PB |
526 | |
527 | @cindex MOVW and MOVT relocations, ARM | |
528 | Relocations for @samp{MOVW} and @samp{MOVT} instructions can be generated | |
529 | by prefixing the value with @samp{#:lower16:} and @samp{#:upper16} | |
b45619c0 | 530 | respectively. For example to load the 32-bit address of foo into r0: |
252b5132 | 531 | |
b6895b4f PB |
532 | @smallexample |
533 | MOVW r0, #:lower16:foo | |
534 | MOVT r0, #:upper16:foo | |
535 | @end smallexample | |
252b5132 | 536 | |
ba724cfc NC |
537 | @node ARM-Neon-Alignment |
538 | @subsection NEON Alignment Specifiers | |
539 | ||
540 | @cindex alignment for NEON instructions | |
541 | Some NEON load/store instructions allow an optional address | |
542 | alignment qualifier. | |
543 | The ARM documentation specifies that this is indicated by | |
544 | @samp{@@ @var{align}}. However GAS already interprets | |
545 | the @samp{@@} character as a "line comment" start, | |
546 | so @samp{: @var{align}} is used instead. For example: | |
547 | ||
548 | @smallexample | |
549 | vld1.8 @{q0@}, [r0, :128] | |
550 | @end smallexample | |
551 | ||
552 | @node ARM Floating Point | |
553 | @section Floating Point | |
554 | ||
555 | @cindex floating point, ARM (@sc{ieee}) | |
556 | @cindex ARM floating point (@sc{ieee}) | |
557 | The ARM family uses @sc{ieee} floating-point numbers. | |
558 | ||
252b5132 RH |
559 | @node ARM Directives |
560 | @section ARM Machine Directives | |
561 | ||
562 | @cindex machine directives, ARM | |
563 | @cindex ARM machine directives | |
564 | @table @code | |
565 | ||
4a6bc624 NS |
566 | @c AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA |
567 | ||
568 | @cindex @code{.2byte} directive, ARM | |
569 | @cindex @code{.4byte} directive, ARM | |
570 | @cindex @code{.8byte} directive, ARM | |
571 | @item .2byte @var{expression} [, @var{expression}]* | |
572 | @itemx .4byte @var{expression} [, @var{expression}]* | |
573 | @itemx .8byte @var{expression} [, @var{expression}]* | |
574 | These directives write 2, 4 or 8 byte values to the output section. | |
575 | ||
576 | @cindex @code{.align} directive, ARM | |
adcf07e6 NC |
577 | @item .align @var{expression} [, @var{expression}] |
578 | This is the generic @var{.align} directive. For the ARM however if the | |
579 | first argument is zero (ie no alignment is needed) the assembler will | |
580 | behave as if the argument had been 2 (ie pad to the next four byte | |
062b7c0c | 581 | boundary). This is for compatibility with ARM's own assembler. |
adcf07e6 | 582 | |
4a6bc624 NS |
583 | @cindex @code{.arch} directive, ARM |
584 | @item .arch @var{name} | |
585 | Select the target architecture. Valid values for @var{name} are the same as | |
586 | for the @option{-march} commandline option. | |
252b5132 | 587 | |
34bca508 | 588 | Specifying @code{.arch} clears any previously selected architecture |
69133863 MGD |
589 | extensions. |
590 | ||
591 | @cindex @code{.arch_extension} directive, ARM | |
592 | @item .arch_extension @var{name} | |
34bca508 L |
593 | Add or remove an architecture extension to the target architecture. Valid |
594 | values for @var{name} are the same as those accepted as architectural | |
69133863 MGD |
595 | extensions by the @option{-mcpu} commandline option. |
596 | ||
597 | @code{.arch_extension} may be used multiple times to add or remove extensions | |
598 | incrementally to the architecture being compiled for. | |
599 | ||
4a6bc624 NS |
600 | @cindex @code{.arm} directive, ARM |
601 | @item .arm | |
602 | This performs the same action as @var{.code 32}. | |
252b5132 | 603 | |
4a6bc624 | 604 | @c BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB |
0bbf2aa4 | 605 | |
4a6bc624 NS |
606 | @cindex @code{.bss} directive, ARM |
607 | @item .bss | |
608 | This directive switches to the @code{.bss} section. | |
0bbf2aa4 | 609 | |
4a6bc624 NS |
610 | @c CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC |
611 | ||
612 | @cindex @code{.cantunwind} directive, ARM | |
613 | @item .cantunwind | |
614 | Prevents unwinding through the current function. No personality routine | |
615 | or exception table data is required or permitted. | |
616 | ||
617 | @cindex @code{.code} directive, ARM | |
618 | @item .code @code{[16|32]} | |
619 | This directive selects the instruction set being generated. The value 16 | |
620 | selects Thumb, with the value 32 selecting ARM. | |
621 | ||
622 | @cindex @code{.cpu} directive, ARM | |
623 | @item .cpu @var{name} | |
624 | Select the target processor. Valid values for @var{name} are the same as | |
625 | for the @option{-mcpu} commandline option. | |
626 | ||
34bca508 | 627 | Specifying @code{.cpu} clears any previously selected architecture |
69133863 MGD |
628 | extensions. |
629 | ||
4a6bc624 NS |
630 | @c DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD |
631 | ||
632 | @cindex @code{.dn} and @code{.qn} directives, ARM | |
f467aa98 | 633 | @item @var{name} .dn @var{register name} [@var{.type}] [[@var{index}]] |
1f9bb1ca | 634 | @itemx @var{name} .qn @var{register name} [@var{.type}] [[@var{index}]] |
23753660 JB |
635 | |
636 | The @code{dn} and @code{qn} directives are used to create typed | |
637 | and/or indexed register aliases for use in Advanced SIMD Extension | |
638 | (Neon) instructions. The former should be used to create aliases | |
639 | of double-precision registers, and the latter to create aliases of | |
640 | quad-precision registers. | |
641 | ||
642 | If these directives are used to create typed aliases, those aliases can | |
643 | be used in Neon instructions instead of writing types after the mnemonic | |
644 | or after each operand. For example: | |
645 | ||
646 | @smallexample | |
647 | x .dn d2.f32 | |
648 | y .dn d3.f32 | |
649 | z .dn d4.f32[1] | |
650 | vmul x,y,z | |
651 | @end smallexample | |
652 | ||
653 | This is equivalent to writing the following: | |
654 | ||
655 | @smallexample | |
656 | vmul.f32 d2,d3,d4[1] | |
657 | @end smallexample | |
658 | ||
659 | Aliases created using @code{dn} or @code{qn} can be destroyed using | |
660 | @code{unreq}. | |
661 | ||
4a6bc624 | 662 | @c EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE |
252b5132 | 663 | |
4a6bc624 NS |
664 | @cindex @code{.eabi_attribute} directive, ARM |
665 | @item .eabi_attribute @var{tag}, @var{value} | |
666 | Set the EABI object attribute @var{tag} to @var{value}. | |
252b5132 | 667 | |
4a6bc624 NS |
668 | The @var{tag} is either an attribute number, or one of the following: |
669 | @code{Tag_CPU_raw_name}, @code{Tag_CPU_name}, @code{Tag_CPU_arch}, | |
670 | @code{Tag_CPU_arch_profile}, @code{Tag_ARM_ISA_use}, | |
75375b3e | 671 | @code{Tag_THUMB_ISA_use}, @code{Tag_FP_arch}, @code{Tag_WMMX_arch}, |
4a6bc624 NS |
672 | @code{Tag_Advanced_SIMD_arch}, @code{Tag_PCS_config}, |
673 | @code{Tag_ABI_PCS_R9_use}, @code{Tag_ABI_PCS_RW_data}, | |
674 | @code{Tag_ABI_PCS_RO_data}, @code{Tag_ABI_PCS_GOT_use}, | |
675 | @code{Tag_ABI_PCS_wchar_t}, @code{Tag_ABI_FP_rounding}, | |
676 | @code{Tag_ABI_FP_denormal}, @code{Tag_ABI_FP_exceptions}, | |
677 | @code{Tag_ABI_FP_user_exceptions}, @code{Tag_ABI_FP_number_model}, | |
75375b3e | 678 | @code{Tag_ABI_align_needed}, @code{Tag_ABI_align_preserved}, |
4a6bc624 NS |
679 | @code{Tag_ABI_enum_size}, @code{Tag_ABI_HardFP_use}, |
680 | @code{Tag_ABI_VFP_args}, @code{Tag_ABI_WMMX_args}, | |
681 | @code{Tag_ABI_optimization_goals}, @code{Tag_ABI_FP_optimization_goals}, | |
682 | @code{Tag_compatibility}, @code{Tag_CPU_unaligned_access}, | |
75375b3e | 683 | @code{Tag_FP_HP_extension}, @code{Tag_ABI_FP_16bit_format}, |
cd21e546 | 684 | @code{Tag_MPextension_use}, @code{Tag_DIV_use}, |
4a6bc624 NS |
685 | @code{Tag_nodefaults}, @code{Tag_also_compatible_with}, |
686 | @code{Tag_conformance}, @code{Tag_T2EE_use}, | |
cd21e546 | 687 | @code{Tag_Virtualization_use} |
4a6bc624 NS |
688 | |
689 | The @var{value} is either a @code{number}, @code{"string"}, or | |
690 | @code{number, "string"} depending on the tag. | |
691 | ||
75375b3e | 692 | Note - the following legacy values are also accepted by @var{tag}: |
34bca508 | 693 | @code{Tag_VFP_arch}, @code{Tag_ABI_align8_needed}, |
75375b3e MGD |
694 | @code{Tag_ABI_align8_preserved}, @code{Tag_VFP_HP_extension}, |
695 | ||
4a6bc624 NS |
696 | @cindex @code{.even} directive, ARM |
697 | @item .even | |
698 | This directive aligns to an even-numbered address. | |
699 | ||
700 | @cindex @code{.extend} directive, ARM | |
701 | @cindex @code{.ldouble} directive, ARM | |
702 | @item .extend @var{expression} [, @var{expression}]* | |
703 | @itemx .ldouble @var{expression} [, @var{expression}]* | |
704 | These directives write 12byte long double floating-point values to the | |
705 | output section. These are not compatible with current ARM processors | |
706 | or ABIs. | |
707 | ||
708 | @c FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF | |
709 | ||
710 | @anchor{arm_fnend} | |
711 | @cindex @code{.fnend} directive, ARM | |
712 | @item .fnend | |
713 | Marks the end of a function with an unwind table entry. The unwind index | |
714 | table entry is created when this directive is processed. | |
252b5132 | 715 | |
4a6bc624 NS |
716 | If no personality routine has been specified then standard personality |
717 | routine 0 or 1 will be used, depending on the number of unwind opcodes | |
718 | required. | |
719 | ||
720 | @anchor{arm_fnstart} | |
721 | @cindex @code{.fnstart} directive, ARM | |
722 | @item .fnstart | |
723 | Marks the start of a function with an unwind table entry. | |
724 | ||
725 | @cindex @code{.force_thumb} directive, ARM | |
252b5132 RH |
726 | @item .force_thumb |
727 | This directive forces the selection of Thumb instructions, even if the | |
728 | target processor does not support those instructions | |
729 | ||
4a6bc624 NS |
730 | @cindex @code{.fpu} directive, ARM |
731 | @item .fpu @var{name} | |
732 | Select the floating-point unit to assemble for. Valid values for @var{name} | |
733 | are the same as for the @option{-mfpu} commandline option. | |
252b5132 | 734 | |
4a6bc624 NS |
735 | @c GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG |
736 | @c HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH | |
e1da3f5b | 737 | |
4a6bc624 NS |
738 | @cindex @code{.handlerdata} directive, ARM |
739 | @item .handlerdata | |
740 | Marks the end of the current function, and the start of the exception table | |
741 | entry for that function. Anything between this directive and the | |
742 | @code{.fnend} directive will be added to the exception table entry. | |
743 | ||
744 | Must be preceded by a @code{.personality} or @code{.personalityindex} | |
745 | directive. | |
746 | ||
747 | @c IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII | |
c921be7d NC |
748 | |
749 | @cindex @code{.inst} directive, ARM | |
750 | @item .inst @var{opcode} [ , @dots{} ] | |
1f9bb1ca AS |
751 | @itemx .inst.n @var{opcode} [ , @dots{} ] |
752 | @itemx .inst.w @var{opcode} [ , @dots{} ] | |
c921be7d NC |
753 | Generates the instruction corresponding to the numerical value @var{opcode}. |
754 | @code{.inst.n} and @code{.inst.w} allow the Thumb instruction size to be | |
755 | specified explicitly, overriding the normal encoding rules. | |
756 | ||
4a6bc624 NS |
757 | @c JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ |
758 | @c KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK | |
759 | @c LLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLL | |
760 | ||
761 | @item .ldouble @var{expression} [, @var{expression}]* | |
762 | See @code{.extend}. | |
5395a469 | 763 | |
252b5132 RH |
764 | @cindex @code{.ltorg} directive, ARM |
765 | @item .ltorg | |
766 | This directive causes the current contents of the literal pool to be | |
767 | dumped into the current section (which is assumed to be the .text | |
768 | section) at the current location (aligned to a word boundary). | |
3d0c9500 NC |
769 | @code{GAS} maintains a separate literal pool for each section and each |
770 | sub-section. The @code{.ltorg} directive will only affect the literal | |
771 | pool of the current section and sub-section. At the end of assembly | |
772 | all remaining, un-empty literal pools will automatically be dumped. | |
773 | ||
774 | Note - older versions of @code{GAS} would dump the current literal | |
775 | pool any time a section change occurred. This is no longer done, since | |
776 | it prevents accurate control of the placement of literal pools. | |
252b5132 | 777 | |
4a6bc624 | 778 | @c MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM |
252b5132 | 779 | |
4a6bc624 NS |
780 | @cindex @code{.movsp} directive, ARM |
781 | @item .movsp @var{reg} [, #@var{offset}] | |
782 | Tell the unwinder that @var{reg} contains an offset from the current | |
783 | stack pointer. If @var{offset} is not specified then it is assumed to be | |
784 | zero. | |
7ed4c4c5 | 785 | |
4a6bc624 NS |
786 | @c NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN |
787 | @c OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO | |
7ed4c4c5 | 788 | |
4a6bc624 NS |
789 | @cindex @code{.object_arch} directive, ARM |
790 | @item .object_arch @var{name} | |
791 | Override the architecture recorded in the EABI object attribute section. | |
792 | Valid values for @var{name} are the same as for the @code{.arch} directive. | |
793 | Typically this is useful when code uses runtime detection of CPU features. | |
7ed4c4c5 | 794 | |
4a6bc624 NS |
795 | @c PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP |
796 | ||
797 | @cindex @code{.packed} directive, ARM | |
798 | @item .packed @var{expression} [, @var{expression}]* | |
799 | This directive writes 12-byte packed floating-point values to the | |
800 | output section. These are not compatible with current ARM processors | |
801 | or ABIs. | |
802 | ||
ea4cff4f | 803 | @anchor{arm_pad} |
4a6bc624 NS |
804 | @cindex @code{.pad} directive, ARM |
805 | @item .pad #@var{count} | |
806 | Generate unwinder annotations for a stack adjustment of @var{count} bytes. | |
807 | A positive value indicates the function prologue allocated stack space by | |
808 | decrementing the stack pointer. | |
7ed4c4c5 NC |
809 | |
810 | @cindex @code{.personality} directive, ARM | |
811 | @item .personality @var{name} | |
812 | Sets the personality routine for the current function to @var{name}. | |
813 | ||
814 | @cindex @code{.personalityindex} directive, ARM | |
815 | @item .personalityindex @var{index} | |
816 | Sets the personality routine for the current function to the EABI standard | |
817 | routine number @var{index} | |
818 | ||
4a6bc624 NS |
819 | @cindex @code{.pool} directive, ARM |
820 | @item .pool | |
821 | This is a synonym for .ltorg. | |
7ed4c4c5 | 822 | |
4a6bc624 NS |
823 | @c QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ |
824 | @c RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR | |
825 | ||
826 | @cindex @code{.req} directive, ARM | |
827 | @item @var{name} .req @var{register name} | |
828 | This creates an alias for @var{register name} called @var{name}. For | |
829 | example: | |
830 | ||
831 | @smallexample | |
832 | foo .req r0 | |
833 | @end smallexample | |
834 | ||
835 | @c SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS | |
7ed4c4c5 | 836 | |
7da4f750 | 837 | @anchor{arm_save} |
7ed4c4c5 NC |
838 | @cindex @code{.save} directive, ARM |
839 | @item .save @var{reglist} | |
840 | Generate unwinder annotations to restore the registers in @var{reglist}. | |
841 | The format of @var{reglist} is the same as the corresponding store-multiple | |
842 | instruction. | |
843 | ||
844 | @smallexample | |
845 | @exdent @emph{core registers} | |
846 | .save @{r4, r5, r6, lr@} | |
847 | stmfd sp!, @{r4, r5, r6, lr@} | |
848 | @exdent @emph{FPA registers} | |
849 | .save f4, 2 | |
850 | sfmfd f4, 2, [sp]! | |
851 | @exdent @emph{VFP registers} | |
852 | .save @{d8, d9, d10@} | |
fa073d69 | 853 | fstmdx sp!, @{d8, d9, d10@} |
7ed4c4c5 NC |
854 | @exdent @emph{iWMMXt registers} |
855 | .save @{wr10, wr11@} | |
856 | wstrd wr11, [sp, #-8]! | |
857 | wstrd wr10, [sp, #-8]! | |
858 | or | |
859 | .save wr11 | |
860 | wstrd wr11, [sp, #-8]! | |
861 | .save wr10 | |
862 | wstrd wr10, [sp, #-8]! | |
863 | @end smallexample | |
864 | ||
7da4f750 | 865 | @anchor{arm_setfp} |
7ed4c4c5 NC |
866 | @cindex @code{.setfp} directive, ARM |
867 | @item .setfp @var{fpreg}, @var{spreg} [, #@var{offset}] | |
4a6bc624 | 868 | Make all unwinder annotations relative to a frame pointer. Without this |
7ed4c4c5 NC |
869 | the unwinder will use offsets from the stack pointer. |
870 | ||
a5b82cbe | 871 | The syntax of this directive is the same as the @code{add} or @code{mov} |
7ed4c4c5 NC |
872 | instruction used to set the frame pointer. @var{spreg} must be either |
873 | @code{sp} or mentioned in a previous @code{.movsp} directive. | |
874 | ||
875 | @smallexample | |
876 | .movsp ip | |
877 | mov ip, sp | |
878 | @dots{} | |
879 | .setfp fp, ip, #4 | |
a5b82cbe | 880 | add fp, ip, #4 |
7ed4c4c5 NC |
881 | @end smallexample |
882 | ||
4a6bc624 NS |
883 | @cindex @code{.secrel32} directive, ARM |
884 | @item .secrel32 @var{expression} [, @var{expression}]* | |
885 | This directive emits relocations that evaluate to the section-relative | |
886 | offset of each expression's symbol. This directive is only supported | |
887 | for PE targets. | |
888 | ||
cab7e4d9 NC |
889 | @cindex @code{.syntax} directive, ARM |
890 | @item .syntax [@code{unified} | @code{divided}] | |
891 | This directive sets the Instruction Set Syntax as described in the | |
892 | @ref{ARM-Instruction-Set} section. | |
893 | ||
4a6bc624 NS |
894 | @c TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT |
895 | ||
896 | @cindex @code{.thumb} directive, ARM | |
897 | @item .thumb | |
898 | This performs the same action as @var{.code 16}. | |
899 | ||
900 | @cindex @code{.thumb_func} directive, ARM | |
901 | @item .thumb_func | |
902 | This directive specifies that the following symbol is the name of a | |
903 | Thumb encoded function. This information is necessary in order to allow | |
904 | the assembler and linker to generate correct code for interworking | |
905 | between Arm and Thumb instructions and should be used even if | |
906 | interworking is not going to be performed. The presence of this | |
907 | directive also implies @code{.thumb} | |
908 | ||
909 | This directive is not neccessary when generating EABI objects. On these | |
910 | targets the encoding is implicit when generating Thumb code. | |
911 | ||
912 | @cindex @code{.thumb_set} directive, ARM | |
913 | @item .thumb_set | |
914 | This performs the equivalent of a @code{.set} directive in that it | |
915 | creates a symbol which is an alias for another symbol (possibly not yet | |
916 | defined). This directive also has the added property in that it marks | |
917 | the aliased symbol as being a thumb function entry point, in the same | |
918 | way that the @code{.thumb_func} directive does. | |
919 | ||
0855e32b NS |
920 | @cindex @code{.tlsdescseq} directive, ARM |
921 | @item .tlsdescseq @var{tls-variable} | |
922 | This directive is used to annotate parts of an inlined TLS descriptor | |
923 | trampoline. Normally the trampoline is provided by the linker, and | |
924 | this directive is not needed. | |
925 | ||
4a6bc624 NS |
926 | @c UUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUU |
927 | ||
928 | @cindex @code{.unreq} directive, ARM | |
929 | @item .unreq @var{alias-name} | |
930 | This undefines a register alias which was previously defined using the | |
931 | @code{req}, @code{dn} or @code{qn} directives. For example: | |
932 | ||
933 | @smallexample | |
934 | foo .req r0 | |
935 | .unreq foo | |
936 | @end smallexample | |
937 | ||
938 | An error occurs if the name is undefined. Note - this pseudo op can | |
939 | be used to delete builtin in register name aliases (eg 'r0'). This | |
940 | should only be done if it is really necessary. | |
941 | ||
7ed4c4c5 | 942 | @cindex @code{.unwind_raw} directive, ARM |
4a6bc624 | 943 | @item .unwind_raw @var{offset}, @var{byte1}, @dots{} |
7ed4c4c5 NC |
944 | Insert one of more arbitary unwind opcode bytes, which are known to adjust |
945 | the stack pointer by @var{offset} bytes. | |
946 | ||
947 | For example @code{.unwind_raw 4, 0xb1, 0x01} is equivalent to | |
948 | @code{.save @{r0@}} | |
949 | ||
4a6bc624 | 950 | @c VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV |
ee065d83 | 951 | |
4a6bc624 NS |
952 | @cindex @code{.vsave} directive, ARM |
953 | @item .vsave @var{vfp-reglist} | |
954 | Generate unwinder annotations to restore the VFP registers in @var{vfp-reglist} | |
955 | using FLDMD. Also works for VFPv3 registers | |
956 | that are to be restored using VLDM. | |
957 | The format of @var{vfp-reglist} is the same as the corresponding store-multiple | |
958 | instruction. | |
ee065d83 | 959 | |
4a6bc624 NS |
960 | @smallexample |
961 | @exdent @emph{VFP registers} | |
962 | .vsave @{d8, d9, d10@} | |
963 | fstmdd sp!, @{d8, d9, d10@} | |
964 | @exdent @emph{VFPv3 registers} | |
965 | .vsave @{d15, d16, d17@} | |
966 | vstm sp!, @{d15, d16, d17@} | |
967 | @end smallexample | |
e04befd0 | 968 | |
4a6bc624 NS |
969 | Since FLDMX and FSTMX are now deprecated, this directive should be |
970 | used in favour of @code{.save} for saving VFP registers for ARMv6 and above. | |
e04befd0 | 971 | |
4a6bc624 NS |
972 | @c WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW |
973 | @c XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX | |
974 | @c YYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYY | |
975 | @c ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ | |
ee065d83 | 976 | |
252b5132 RH |
977 | @end table |
978 | ||
979 | @node ARM Opcodes | |
980 | @section Opcodes | |
981 | ||
982 | @cindex ARM opcodes | |
983 | @cindex opcodes for ARM | |
49a5575c NC |
984 | @code{@value{AS}} implements all the standard ARM opcodes. It also |
985 | implements several pseudo opcodes, including several synthetic load | |
34bca508 | 986 | instructions. |
252b5132 | 987 | |
49a5575c NC |
988 | @table @code |
989 | ||
990 | @cindex @code{NOP} pseudo op, ARM | |
991 | @item NOP | |
992 | @smallexample | |
993 | nop | |
994 | @end smallexample | |
252b5132 | 995 | |
49a5575c NC |
996 | This pseudo op will always evaluate to a legal ARM instruction that does |
997 | nothing. Currently it will evaluate to MOV r0, r0. | |
252b5132 | 998 | |
49a5575c | 999 | @cindex @code{LDR reg,=<label>} pseudo op, ARM |
34bca508 | 1000 | @item LDR |
252b5132 RH |
1001 | @smallexample |
1002 | ldr <register> , = <expression> | |
1003 | @end smallexample | |
1004 | ||
1005 | If expression evaluates to a numeric constant then a MOV or MVN | |
1006 | instruction will be used in place of the LDR instruction, if the | |
1007 | constant can be generated by either of these instructions. Otherwise | |
1008 | the constant will be placed into the nearest literal pool (if it not | |
1009 | already there) and a PC relative LDR instruction will be generated. | |
1010 | ||
49a5575c NC |
1011 | @cindex @code{ADR reg,<label>} pseudo op, ARM |
1012 | @item ADR | |
1013 | @smallexample | |
1014 | adr <register> <label> | |
1015 | @end smallexample | |
1016 | ||
1017 | This instruction will load the address of @var{label} into the indicated | |
1018 | register. The instruction will evaluate to a PC relative ADD or SUB | |
1019 | instruction depending upon where the label is located. If the label is | |
1020 | out of range, or if it is not defined in the same file (and section) as | |
1021 | the ADR instruction, then an error will be generated. This instruction | |
1022 | will not make use of the literal pool. | |
1023 | ||
1024 | @cindex @code{ADRL reg,<label>} pseudo op, ARM | |
34bca508 | 1025 | @item ADRL |
49a5575c NC |
1026 | @smallexample |
1027 | adrl <register> <label> | |
1028 | @end smallexample | |
1029 | ||
1030 | This instruction will load the address of @var{label} into the indicated | |
a349d9dd | 1031 | register. The instruction will evaluate to one or two PC relative ADD |
49a5575c NC |
1032 | or SUB instructions depending upon where the label is located. If a |
1033 | second instruction is not needed a NOP instruction will be generated in | |
1034 | its place, so that this instruction is always 8 bytes long. | |
1035 | ||
1036 | If the label is out of range, or if it is not defined in the same file | |
1037 | (and section) as the ADRL instruction, then an error will be generated. | |
1038 | This instruction will not make use of the literal pool. | |
1039 | ||
1040 | @end table | |
1041 | ||
252b5132 RH |
1042 | For information on the ARM or Thumb instruction sets, see @cite{ARM |
1043 | Software Development Toolkit Reference Manual}, Advanced RISC Machines | |
1044 | Ltd. | |
1045 | ||
6057a28f NC |
1046 | @node ARM Mapping Symbols |
1047 | @section Mapping Symbols | |
1048 | ||
1049 | The ARM ELF specification requires that special symbols be inserted | |
1050 | into object files to mark certain features: | |
1051 | ||
1052 | @table @code | |
1053 | ||
1054 | @cindex @code{$a} | |
1055 | @item $a | |
1056 | At the start of a region of code containing ARM instructions. | |
1057 | ||
1058 | @cindex @code{$t} | |
1059 | @item $t | |
1060 | At the start of a region of code containing THUMB instructions. | |
1061 | ||
1062 | @cindex @code{$d} | |
1063 | @item $d | |
1064 | At the start of a region of data. | |
1065 | ||
1066 | @end table | |
1067 | ||
1068 | The assembler will automatically insert these symbols for you - there | |
1069 | is no need to code them yourself. Support for tagging symbols ($b, | |
1070 | $f, $p and $m) which is also mentioned in the current ARM ELF | |
1071 | specification is not implemented. This is because they have been | |
1072 | dropped from the new EABI and so tools cannot rely upon their | |
1073 | presence. | |
1074 | ||
7da4f750 MM |
1075 | @node ARM Unwinding Tutorial |
1076 | @section Unwinding | |
1077 | ||
1078 | The ABI for the ARM Architecture specifies a standard format for | |
1079 | exception unwind information. This information is used when an | |
1080 | exception is thrown to determine where control should be transferred. | |
1081 | In particular, the unwind information is used to determine which | |
1082 | function called the function that threw the exception, and which | |
1083 | function called that one, and so forth. This information is also used | |
1084 | to restore the values of callee-saved registers in the function | |
1085 | catching the exception. | |
1086 | ||
1087 | If you are writing functions in assembly code, and those functions | |
1088 | call other functions that throw exceptions, you must use assembly | |
1089 | pseudo ops to ensure that appropriate exception unwind information is | |
1090 | generated. Otherwise, if one of the functions called by your assembly | |
1091 | code throws an exception, the run-time library will be unable to | |
1092 | unwind the stack through your assembly code and your program will not | |
1093 | behave correctly. | |
1094 | ||
1095 | To illustrate the use of these pseudo ops, we will examine the code | |
1096 | that G++ generates for the following C++ input: | |
1097 | ||
1098 | @verbatim | |
1099 | void callee (int *); | |
1100 | ||
34bca508 L |
1101 | int |
1102 | caller () | |
7da4f750 MM |
1103 | { |
1104 | int i; | |
1105 | callee (&i); | |
34bca508 | 1106 | return i; |
7da4f750 MM |
1107 | } |
1108 | @end verbatim | |
1109 | ||
1110 | This example does not show how to throw or catch an exception from | |
1111 | assembly code. That is a much more complex operation and should | |
1112 | always be done in a high-level language, such as C++, that directly | |
1113 | supports exceptions. | |
1114 | ||
1115 | The code generated by one particular version of G++ when compiling the | |
1116 | example above is: | |
1117 | ||
1118 | @verbatim | |
1119 | _Z6callerv: | |
1120 | .fnstart | |
1121 | .LFB2: | |
1122 | @ Function supports interworking. | |
1123 | @ args = 0, pretend = 0, frame = 8 | |
1124 | @ frame_needed = 1, uses_anonymous_args = 0 | |
1125 | stmfd sp!, {fp, lr} | |
1126 | .save {fp, lr} | |
1127 | .LCFI0: | |
1128 | .setfp fp, sp, #4 | |
1129 | add fp, sp, #4 | |
1130 | .LCFI1: | |
1131 | .pad #8 | |
1132 | sub sp, sp, #8 | |
1133 | .LCFI2: | |
1134 | sub r3, fp, #8 | |
1135 | mov r0, r3 | |
1136 | bl _Z6calleePi | |
1137 | ldr r3, [fp, #-8] | |
1138 | mov r0, r3 | |
1139 | sub sp, fp, #4 | |
1140 | ldmfd sp!, {fp, lr} | |
1141 | bx lr | |
1142 | .LFE2: | |
1143 | .fnend | |
1144 | @end verbatim | |
1145 | ||
1146 | Of course, the sequence of instructions varies based on the options | |
1147 | you pass to GCC and on the version of GCC in use. The exact | |
1148 | instructions are not important since we are focusing on the pseudo ops | |
1149 | that are used to generate unwind information. | |
1150 | ||
1151 | An important assumption made by the unwinder is that the stack frame | |
1152 | does not change during the body of the function. In particular, since | |
1153 | we assume that the assembly code does not itself throw an exception, | |
1154 | the only point where an exception can be thrown is from a call, such | |
1155 | as the @code{bl} instruction above. At each call site, the same saved | |
1156 | registers (including @code{lr}, which indicates the return address) | |
1157 | must be located in the same locations relative to the frame pointer. | |
1158 | ||
1159 | The @code{.fnstart} (@pxref{arm_fnstart,,.fnstart pseudo op}) pseudo | |
1160 | op appears immediately before the first instruction of the function | |
1161 | while the @code{.fnend} (@pxref{arm_fnend,,.fnend pseudo op}) pseudo | |
1162 | op appears immediately after the last instruction of the function. | |
34bca508 | 1163 | These pseudo ops specify the range of the function. |
7da4f750 MM |
1164 | |
1165 | Only the order of the other pseudos ops (e.g., @code{.setfp} or | |
1166 | @code{.pad}) matters; their exact locations are irrelevant. In the | |
1167 | example above, the compiler emits the pseudo ops with particular | |
1168 | instructions. That makes it easier to understand the code, but it is | |
1169 | not required for correctness. It would work just as well to emit all | |
1170 | of the pseudo ops other than @code{.fnend} in the same order, but | |
1171 | immediately after @code{.fnstart}. | |
1172 | ||
1173 | The @code{.save} (@pxref{arm_save,,.save pseudo op}) pseudo op | |
1174 | indicates registers that have been saved to the stack so that they can | |
1175 | be restored before the function returns. The argument to the | |
1176 | @code{.save} pseudo op is a list of registers to save. If a register | |
1177 | is ``callee-saved'' (as specified by the ABI) and is modified by the | |
1178 | function you are writing, then your code must save the value before it | |
1179 | is modified and restore the original value before the function | |
1180 | returns. If an exception is thrown, the run-time library restores the | |
1181 | values of these registers from their locations on the stack before | |
1182 | returning control to the exception handler. (Of course, if an | |
1183 | exception is not thrown, the function that contains the @code{.save} | |
1184 | pseudo op restores these registers in the function epilogue, as is | |
1185 | done with the @code{ldmfd} instruction above.) | |
1186 | ||
1187 | You do not have to save callee-saved registers at the very beginning | |
1188 | of the function and you do not need to use the @code{.save} pseudo op | |
1189 | immediately following the point at which the registers are saved. | |
1190 | However, if you modify a callee-saved register, you must save it on | |
1191 | the stack before modifying it and before calling any functions which | |
1192 | might throw an exception. And, you must use the @code{.save} pseudo | |
1193 | op to indicate that you have done so. | |
1194 | ||
1195 | The @code{.pad} (@pxref{arm_pad,,.pad}) pseudo op indicates a | |
1196 | modification of the stack pointer that does not save any registers. | |
1197 | The argument is the number of bytes (in decimal) that are subtracted | |
1198 | from the stack pointer. (On ARM CPUs, the stack grows downwards, so | |
1199 | subtracting from the stack pointer increases the size of the stack.) | |
1200 | ||
1201 | The @code{.setfp} (@pxref{arm_setfp,,.setfp pseudo op}) pseudo op | |
1202 | indicates the register that contains the frame pointer. The first | |
1203 | argument is the register that is set, which is typically @code{fp}. | |
1204 | The second argument indicates the register from which the frame | |
1205 | pointer takes its value. The third argument, if present, is the value | |
1206 | (in decimal) added to the register specified by the second argument to | |
1207 | compute the value of the frame pointer. You should not modify the | |
1208 | frame pointer in the body of the function. | |
1209 | ||
1210 | If you do not use a frame pointer, then you should not use the | |
1211 | @code{.setfp} pseudo op. If you do not use a frame pointer, then you | |
1212 | should avoid modifying the stack pointer outside of the function | |
1213 | prologue. Otherwise, the run-time library will be unable to find | |
1214 | saved registers when it is unwinding the stack. | |
1215 | ||
1216 | The pseudo ops described above are sufficient for writing assembly | |
1217 | code that calls functions which may throw exceptions. If you need to | |
1218 | know more about the object-file format used to represent unwind | |
1219 | information, you may consult the @cite{Exception Handling ABI for the | |
1220 | ARM Architecture} available from @uref{http://infocenter.arm.com}. |