Merge branch 'maint' into next

[thirdparty/e2fsprogs.git] / misc / mke2fs.c

/*
 * mke2fs.c - Make a ext2fs filesystem.
 *
 * Copyright (C) 1994, 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002,
 *      2003, 2004, 2005 by Theodore Ts'o.
 *
 * %Begin-Header%
 * This file may be redistributed under the terms of the GNU Public
 * License.
 * %End-Header%
 */

/* Usage: mke2fs [options] device
 *
 * The device may be a block device or a image of one, but this isn't
 * enforced (but it's not much fun on a character device :-).
 */

#define _XOPEN_SOURCE 600

#include "config.h"
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <strings.h>
#include <ctype.h>
#include <time.h>
#ifdef __linux__
#include <sys/utsname.h>
#define KERNEL_VERSION(a,b,c) (((a) << 16) + ((b) << 8) + (c))
#endif
#ifdef HAVE_GETOPT_H
#include <getopt.h>
#else
extern char *optarg;
extern int optind;
#endif
#ifdef HAVE_UNISTD_H
#include <unistd.h>
#endif
#ifdef HAVE_STDLIB_H
#include <stdlib.h>
#endif
#ifdef HAVE_ERRNO_H
#include <errno.h>
#endif
#ifdef HAVE_SYS_IOCTL_H
#include <sys/ioctl.h>
#endif
#include <libgen.h>
#include <limits.h>
#include <blkid/blkid.h>

#include "ext2fs/ext2_fs.h"
#include "ext2fs/ext2fsP.h"
#include "uuid/uuid.h"
#include "util.h"
#include "support/nls-enable.h"
#include "support/plausible.h"
#include "support/profile.h"
#include "support/prof_err.h"
#include "../version.h"
#include "support/quotaio.h"
#include "mke2fs.h"
#include "create_inode.h"

#define STRIDE_LENGTH 8

#define MAX_32_NUM ((((unsigned long long) 1) << 32) - 1)

#ifndef __sparc__
#define ZAP_BOOTBLOCK
#endif

#define DISCARD_STEP_MB         (2048)

extern int isatty(int);
extern FILE *fpopen(const char *cmd, const char *mode);

const char * program_name = "mke2fs";
static const char * device_name /* = NULL */;

/* Command line options */
static int      cflag;
int     verbose;
int     quiet;
static int      super_only;
static int      discard = 1;    /* attempt to discard device before fs creation */
static int      direct_io;
static int      force;
static int      noaction;
static int      num_backups = 2; /* number of backup bg's for sparse_super2 */
static uid_t    root_uid;
static gid_t    root_gid;
int     journal_size;
int     journal_flags;
int     journal_fc_size;
static e2_blkcnt_t      orphan_file_blocks;
static int      lazy_itable_init;
static int      assume_storage_prezeroed;
static int      packed_meta_blocks;
int             no_copy_xattrs;
static char     *bad_blocks_filename = NULL;
static __u32    fs_stride;
/* Initialize usr/grp quotas by default */
static unsigned int quotatype_bits = (QUOTA_USR_BIT | QUOTA_GRP_BIT);
static __u64    offset;
static blk64_t journal_location = ~0LL;
static int      proceed_delay = -1;
static blk64_t  dev_size;

static struct ext2_super_block fs_param;
static __u32 zero_buf[4];
static char *fs_uuid = NULL;
static char *creator_os;
static char *volume_label;
static char *mount_dir;
char *journal_device;
static int sync_kludge; /* Set using the MKE2FS_SYNC env. option */
char **fs_types;
const char *src_root_dir;  /* Copy files from the specified directory */
static char *undo_file;

static int android_sparse_file; /* -E android_sparse */

static profile_t        profile;

static int sys_page_size = 4096;

static int errors_behavior = 0;

static void usage(void)
{
        fprintf(stderr, _("Usage: %s [-c|-l filename] [-b block-size] "
        "[-C cluster-size]\n\t[-i bytes-per-inode] [-I inode-size] "
        "[-J journal-options]\n"
        "\t[-G flex-group-size] [-N number-of-inodes] "
        "[-d root-directory]\n"
        "\t[-m reserved-blocks-percentage] [-o creator-os]\n"
        "\t[-g blocks-per-group] [-L volume-label] "
        "[-M last-mounted-directory]\n\t[-O feature[,...]] "
        "[-r fs-revision] [-E extended-option[,...]]\n"
        "\t[-t fs-type] [-T usage-type ] [-U UUID] [-e errors_behavior]"
        "[-z undo_file]\n"
        "\t[-jnqvDFSV] device [blocks-count]\n"),
                program_name);
        exit(1);
}

static int int_log2(unsigned long long arg)
{
        int     l = 0;

        arg >>= 1;
        while (arg) {
                l++;
                arg >>= 1;
        }
        return l;
}

int int_log10(unsigned long long arg)
{
        int     l;

        for (l=0; arg ; l++)
                arg = arg / 10;
        return l;
}

#ifdef __linux__
static int parse_version_number(const char *s)
{
        int     major, minor, rev;
        char    *endptr;
        const char *cp = s;

        if (!s)
                return 0;
        major = strtol(cp, &endptr, 10);
        if (cp == endptr || *endptr != '.')
                return 0;
        cp = endptr + 1;
        minor = strtol(cp, &endptr, 10);
        if (cp == endptr || *endptr != '.')
                return 0;
        cp = endptr + 1;
        rev = strtol(cp, &endptr, 10);
        if (cp == endptr)
                return 0;
        return KERNEL_VERSION(major, minor, rev);
}

static int is_before_linux_ver(unsigned int major, unsigned int minor,
                               unsigned int rev)
{
        struct          utsname ut;
        static int      linux_version_code = -1;

        if (uname(&ut)) {
                perror("uname");
                exit(1);
        }
        if (linux_version_code < 0)
                linux_version_code = parse_version_number(ut.release);
        if (linux_version_code == 0)
                return 0;

        return linux_version_code < (int) KERNEL_VERSION(major, minor, rev);
}
#else
static int is_before_linux_ver(unsigned int major, unsigned int minor,
                               unsigned int rev)
{
        return 0;
}
#endif

/*
 * Helper function for read_bb_file and test_disk
 */
static void invalid_block(ext2_filsys fs EXT2FS_ATTR((unused)), blk_t blk)
{
        fprintf(stderr, _("Bad block %u out of range; ignored.\n"), blk);
        return;
}

/*
 * Reads the bad blocks list from a file
 */
static void read_bb_file(ext2_filsys fs, badblocks_list *bb_list,
                         const char *bad_blocks_file)
{
        FILE            *f;
        errcode_t       retval;

        f = fopen(bad_blocks_file, "r");
        if (!f) {
                com_err("read_bad_blocks_file", errno,
                        _("while trying to open %s"), bad_blocks_file);
                exit(1);
        }
        retval = ext2fs_read_bb_FILE(fs, f, bb_list, invalid_block);
        fclose (f);
        if (retval) {
                com_err("ext2fs_read_bb_FILE", retval, "%s",
                        _("while reading in list of bad blocks from file"));
                exit(1);
        }
}

/*
 * Runs the badblocks program to test the disk
 */
static void test_disk(ext2_filsys fs, badblocks_list *bb_list)
{
        FILE            *f;
        errcode_t       retval;
        char            buf[1024];

        sprintf(buf, "badblocks -b %d -X %s%s%s %llu", fs->blocksize,
                quiet ? "" : "-s ", (cflag > 1) ? "-w " : "",
                fs->device_name,
                (unsigned long long) ext2fs_blocks_count(fs->super)-1);
        if (verbose)
                printf(_("Running command: %s\n"), buf);
        f = popen(buf, "r");
        if (!f) {
                com_err("popen", errno,
                        _("while trying to run '%s'"), buf);
                exit(1);
        }
        retval = ext2fs_read_bb_FILE(fs, f, bb_list, invalid_block);
        pclose(f);
        if (retval) {
                com_err("ext2fs_read_bb_FILE", retval, "%s",
                        _("while processing list of bad blocks from program"));
                exit(1);
        }
}

static void handle_bad_blocks(ext2_filsys fs, badblocks_list bb_list)
{
        dgrp_t                  i;
        blk_t                   j;
        unsigned                must_be_good;
        blk_t                   blk;
        badblocks_iterate       bb_iter;
        errcode_t               retval;
        blk_t                   group_block;
        int                     group;
        int                     group_bad;

        if (!bb_list)
                return;

        /*
         * The primary superblock and group descriptors *must* be
         * good; if not, abort.
         */
        must_be_good = fs->super->s_first_data_block + 1 + fs->desc_blocks;
        for (i = fs->super->s_first_data_block; i <= must_be_good; i++) {
                if (ext2fs_badblocks_list_test(bb_list, i)) {
                        fprintf(stderr, _("Block %d in primary "
                                "superblock/group descriptor area bad.\n"), i);
                        fprintf(stderr, _("Blocks %u through %u must be good "
                                "in order to build a filesystem.\n"),
                                fs->super->s_first_data_block, must_be_good);
                        fputs(_("Aborting....\n"), stderr);
                        exit(1);
                }
        }

        /*
         * See if any of the bad blocks are showing up in the backup
         * superblocks and/or group descriptors.  If so, issue a
         * warning and adjust the block counts appropriately.
         */
        group_block = fs->super->s_first_data_block +
                fs->super->s_blocks_per_group;

        for (i = 1; i < fs->group_desc_count; i++) {
                group_bad = 0;
                for (j=0; j < fs->desc_blocks+1; j++) {
                        if (ext2fs_badblocks_list_test(bb_list,
                                                       group_block + j)) {
                                if (!group_bad)
                                        fprintf(stderr,
_("Warning: the backup superblock/group descriptors at block %u contain\n"
"       bad blocks.\n\n"),
                                                group_block);
                                group_bad++;
                                group = ext2fs_group_of_blk2(fs, group_block+j);
                                ext2fs_bg_free_blocks_count_set(fs, group, ext2fs_bg_free_blocks_count(fs, group) + 1);
                                ext2fs_group_desc_csum_set(fs, group);
                                ext2fs_free_blocks_count_add(fs->super, 1);
                        }
                }
                group_block += fs->super->s_blocks_per_group;
        }

        /*
         * Mark all the bad blocks as used...
         */
        retval = ext2fs_badblocks_list_iterate_begin(bb_list, &bb_iter);
        if (retval) {
                com_err("ext2fs_badblocks_list_iterate_begin", retval, "%s",
                        _("while marking bad blocks as used"));
                exit(1);
        }
        while (ext2fs_badblocks_list_iterate(bb_iter, &blk))
                ext2fs_mark_block_bitmap2(fs->block_map, blk);
        ext2fs_badblocks_list_iterate_end(bb_iter);
}

static void write_reserved_inodes(ext2_filsys fs)
{
        errcode_t       retval;
        ext2_ino_t      ino;
        struct ext2_inode *inode;

        retval = ext2fs_get_memzero(EXT2_INODE_SIZE(fs->super), &inode);
        if (retval) {
                com_err("inode_init", retval, _("while allocating memory"));
                exit(1);
        }

        for (ino = 1; ino < EXT2_FIRST_INO(fs->super); ino++) {
                retval = ext2fs_write_inode_full(fs, ino, inode,
                                                 EXT2_INODE_SIZE(fs->super));
                if (retval) {
                        com_err("ext2fs_write_inode_full", retval,
                                _("while writing reserved inodes"));
                        exit(1);
                }
        }

        ext2fs_free_mem(&inode);
}

static errcode_t packed_allocate_tables(ext2_filsys fs)
{
        errcode_t       retval;
        dgrp_t          i;
        blk64_t         goal = 0;

        for (i = 0; i < fs->group_desc_count; i++) {
                retval = ext2fs_new_block2(fs, goal, NULL, &goal);
                if (retval)
                        return retval;
                ext2fs_block_alloc_stats2(fs, goal, +1);
                ext2fs_block_bitmap_loc_set(fs, i, goal);
        }
        for (i = 0; i < fs->group_desc_count; i++) {
                retval = ext2fs_new_block2(fs, goal, NULL, &goal);
                if (retval)
                        return retval;
                ext2fs_block_alloc_stats2(fs, goal, +1);
                ext2fs_inode_bitmap_loc_set(fs, i, goal);
        }
        for (i = 0; i < fs->group_desc_count; i++) {
                blk64_t end = ext2fs_blocks_count(fs->super) - 1;
                retval = ext2fs_get_free_blocks2(fs, goal, end,
                                                 fs->inode_blocks_per_group,
                                                 fs->block_map, &goal);
                if (retval)
                        return retval;
                ext2fs_block_alloc_stats_range(fs, goal,
                                               fs->inode_blocks_per_group, +1);
                ext2fs_inode_table_loc_set(fs, i, goal);
                ext2fs_group_desc_csum_set(fs, i);
        }
        return 0;
}

static void write_inode_tables(ext2_filsys fs, int lazy_flag, int itable_zeroed)
{
        errcode_t       retval;
        blk64_t         blk;
        dgrp_t          i;
        int             num;
        struct ext2fs_numeric_progress_struct progress;

        ext2fs_numeric_progress_init(fs, &progress,
                                     _("Writing inode tables: "),
                                     fs->group_desc_count);

        for (i = 0; i < fs->group_desc_count; i++) {
                ext2fs_numeric_progress_update(fs, &progress, i);

                blk = ext2fs_inode_table_loc(fs, i);
                num = fs->inode_blocks_per_group;

                if (lazy_flag)
                        num = ext2fs_div_ceil((fs->super->s_inodes_per_group -
                                               ext2fs_bg_itable_unused(fs, i)) *
                                              EXT2_INODE_SIZE(fs->super),
                                              EXT2_BLOCK_SIZE(fs->super));
                if (!lazy_flag || itable_zeroed) {
                        /* The kernel doesn't need to zero the itable blocks */
                        ext2fs_bg_flags_set(fs, i, EXT2_BG_INODE_ZEROED);
                        ext2fs_group_desc_csum_set(fs, i);
                }
                if (!itable_zeroed) {
                        retval = ext2fs_zero_blocks2(fs, blk, num, &blk, &num);
                        if (retval) {
                                fprintf(stderr, _("\nCould not write %d "
                                          "blocks in inode table starting at %llu: %s\n"),
                                        num, (unsigned long long) blk,
                                        error_message(retval));
                                exit(1);
                        }
                }
                if (sync_kludge) {
                        if (sync_kludge == 1)
                                io_channel_flush(fs->io);
                        else if ((i % sync_kludge) == 0)
                                io_channel_flush(fs->io);
                }
        }
        ext2fs_numeric_progress_close(fs, &progress,
                                      _("done                            \n"));

        /* Reserved inodes must always have correct checksums */
        if (ext2fs_has_feature_metadata_csum(fs->super))
                write_reserved_inodes(fs);
}

static void create_root_dir(ext2_filsys fs)
{
        errcode_t               retval;
        struct ext2_inode       inode;

        retval = ext2fs_mkdir(fs, EXT2_ROOT_INO, EXT2_ROOT_INO, 0);
        if (retval) {
                com_err("ext2fs_mkdir", retval, "%s",
                        _("while creating root dir"));
                exit(1);
        }
        if (root_uid != 0 || root_gid != 0) {
                retval = ext2fs_read_inode(fs, EXT2_ROOT_INO, &inode);
                if (retval) {
                        com_err("ext2fs_read_inode", retval, "%s",
                                _("while reading root inode"));
                        exit(1);
                }

                inode.i_uid = root_uid;
                ext2fs_set_i_uid_high(inode, root_uid >> 16);
                inode.i_gid = root_gid;
                ext2fs_set_i_gid_high(inode, root_gid >> 16);

                retval = ext2fs_write_new_inode(fs, EXT2_ROOT_INO, &inode);
                if (retval) {
                        com_err("ext2fs_write_inode", retval, "%s",
                                _("while setting root inode ownership"));
                        exit(1);
                }
        }
}

static void create_lost_and_found(ext2_filsys fs)
{
        unsigned int            lpf_size = 0;
        errcode_t               retval;
        ext2_ino_t              ino;
        const char              *name = "lost+found";
        int                     i;

        fs->umask = 077;
        retval = ext2fs_mkdir(fs, EXT2_ROOT_INO, 0, name);
        if (retval) {
                com_err("ext2fs_mkdir", retval, "%s",
                        _("while creating /lost+found"));
                exit(1);
        }

        retval = ext2fs_lookup(fs, EXT2_ROOT_INO, name, strlen(name), 0, &ino);
        if (retval) {
                com_err("ext2_lookup", retval, "%s",
                        _("while looking up /lost+found"));
                exit(1);
        }

        for (i=1; i < EXT2_NDIR_BLOCKS; i++) {
                /* Ensure that lost+found is at least 2 blocks, so we always
                 * test large empty blocks for big-block filesystems.  */
                if ((lpf_size += fs->blocksize) >= 16*1024 &&
                    lpf_size >= 2 * fs->blocksize)
                        break;
                retval = ext2fs_expand_dir(fs, ino);
                if (retval) {
                        com_err("ext2fs_expand_dir", retval, "%s",
                                _("while expanding /lost+found"));
                        exit(1);
                }
        }
}

static void create_bad_block_inode(ext2_filsys fs, badblocks_list bb_list)
{
        errcode_t       retval;

        ext2fs_mark_inode_bitmap2(fs->inode_map, EXT2_BAD_INO);
        ext2fs_inode_alloc_stats2(fs, EXT2_BAD_INO, +1, 0);
        retval = ext2fs_update_bb_inode(fs, bb_list);
        if (retval) {
                com_err("ext2fs_update_bb_inode", retval, "%s",
                        _("while setting bad block inode"));
                exit(1);
        }

}

static void reserve_inodes(ext2_filsys fs)
{
        ext2_ino_t      i;

        for (i = EXT2_ROOT_INO + 1; i < EXT2_FIRST_INODE(fs->super); i++)
                ext2fs_inode_alloc_stats2(fs, i, +1, 0);
        ext2fs_mark_ib_dirty(fs);
}

#define BSD_DISKMAGIC   (0x82564557UL)  /* The disk magic number */
#define BSD_MAGICDISK   (0x57455682UL)  /* The disk magic number reversed */
#define BSD_LABEL_OFFSET        64

static void zap_sector(ext2_filsys fs, int sect, int nsect)
{
        char *buf;
        int retval;
        unsigned int *magic;

        buf = calloc(512, nsect);
        if (!buf) {
                printf(_("Out of memory erasing sectors %d-%d\n"),
                       sect, sect + nsect - 1);
                exit(1);
        }

        if (sect == 0) {
                /* Check for a BSD disklabel, and don't erase it if so */
                retval = io_channel_read_blk64(fs->io, 0, -512, buf);
                if (retval)
                        fprintf(stderr,
                                _("Warning: could not read block 0: %s\n"),
                                error_message(retval));
                else {
                        magic = (unsigned int *) (buf + BSD_LABEL_OFFSET);
                        if ((*magic == BSD_DISKMAGIC) ||
                            (*magic == BSD_MAGICDISK)) {
                                free(buf);
                                return;
                        }
                }
        }

        memset(buf, 0, 512*nsect);
        io_channel_set_blksize(fs->io, 512);
        retval = io_channel_write_blk64(fs->io, sect, -512*nsect, buf);
        io_channel_set_blksize(fs->io, fs->blocksize);
        free(buf);
        if (retval)
                fprintf(stderr, _("Warning: could not erase sector %d: %s\n"),
                        sect, error_message(retval));
}

static void create_journal_dev(ext2_filsys fs)
{
        struct ext2fs_numeric_progress_struct progress;
        errcode_t               retval;
        char                    *buf;
        blk64_t                 blk, err_blk;
        int                     c, count, err_count;
        struct ext2fs_journal_params    jparams;

        retval = ext2fs_get_journal_params(&jparams, fs);
        if (retval) {
                com_err("create_journal_dev", retval, "%s",
                        _("while splitting the journal size"));
                exit(1);
        }

        retval = ext2fs_create_journal_superblock2(fs, &jparams, 0, &buf);
        if (retval) {
                com_err("create_journal_dev", retval, "%s",
                        _("while initializing journal superblock"));
                exit(1);
        }

        if (journal_flags & EXT2_MKJOURNAL_LAZYINIT)
                goto write_superblock;

        ext2fs_numeric_progress_init(fs, &progress,
                                     _("Zeroing journal device: "),
                                     ext2fs_blocks_count(fs->super));
        blk = 0;
        count = ext2fs_blocks_count(fs->super);
        while (count > 0) {
                if (count > 1024)
                        c = 1024;
                else
                        c = count;
                retval = ext2fs_zero_blocks2(fs, blk, c, &err_blk, &err_count);
                if (retval) {
                        com_err("create_journal_dev", retval,
                                _("while zeroing journal device "
                                  "(block %llu, count %d)"),
                                (unsigned long long) err_blk, err_count);
                        exit(1);
                }
                blk += c;
                count -= c;
                ext2fs_numeric_progress_update(fs, &progress, blk);
        }

        ext2fs_numeric_progress_close(fs, &progress, NULL);
write_superblock:
        retval = io_channel_write_blk64(fs->io,
                                        fs->super->s_first_data_block+1,
                                        1, buf);
        (void) ext2fs_free_mem(&buf);
        if (retval) {
                com_err("create_journal_dev", retval, "%s",
                        _("while writing journal superblock"));
                exit(1);
        }
}

static void show_stats(ext2_filsys fs)
{
        struct ext2_super_block *s = fs->super;
        char                    *os;
        blk64_t                 group_block;
        dgrp_t                  i;
        int                     need, col_left;

        if (!verbose) {
                printf(_("Creating filesystem with %llu %dk blocks and "
                         "%u inodes\n"),
                       (unsigned long long) ext2fs_blocks_count(s),
                       fs->blocksize >> 10, s->s_inodes_count);
                goto skip_details;
        }

        if (ext2fs_blocks_count(&fs_param) != ext2fs_blocks_count(s))
                fprintf(stderr, _("warning: %llu blocks unused.\n\n"),
                        (unsigned long long) (ext2fs_blocks_count(&fs_param) -
                                              ext2fs_blocks_count(s)));

        printf(_("Filesystem label=%.*s\n"), EXT2_LEN_STR(s->s_volume_name));

        os = e2p_os2string(fs->super->s_creator_os);
        if (os)
                printf(_("OS type: %s\n"), os);
        free(os);
        printf(_("Block size=%u (log=%u)\n"), fs->blocksize,
                s->s_log_block_size);
        if (ext2fs_has_feature_bigalloc(fs->super))
                printf(_("Cluster size=%u (log=%u)\n"),
                       fs->blocksize << fs->cluster_ratio_bits,
                       s->s_log_cluster_size);
        else
                printf(_("Fragment size=%u (log=%u)\n"), EXT2_CLUSTER_SIZE(s),
                       s->s_log_cluster_size);
        printf(_("Stride=%u blocks, Stripe width=%u blocks\n"),
               s->s_raid_stride, s->s_raid_stripe_width);
        printf(_("%u inodes, %llu blocks\n"), s->s_inodes_count,
               (unsigned long long) ext2fs_blocks_count(s));
        printf(_("%llu blocks (%2.2f%%) reserved for the super user\n"),
               (unsigned long long) ext2fs_r_blocks_count(s),
               100.0 *  ext2fs_r_blocks_count(s) / ext2fs_blocks_count(s));
        printf(_("First data block=%u\n"), s->s_first_data_block);
        if (root_uid != 0 || root_gid != 0)
                printf(_("Root directory owner=%u:%u\n"), root_uid, root_gid);
        if (s->s_reserved_gdt_blocks)
                printf(_("Maximum filesystem blocks=%lu\n"),
                       (s->s_reserved_gdt_blocks + fs->desc_blocks) *
                       EXT2_DESC_PER_BLOCK(s) * s->s_blocks_per_group);
        if (fs->group_desc_count > 1)
                printf(_("%u block groups\n"), fs->group_desc_count);
        else
                printf(_("%u block group\n"), fs->group_desc_count);
        if (ext2fs_has_feature_bigalloc(fs->super))
                printf(_("%u blocks per group, %u clusters per group\n"),
                       s->s_blocks_per_group, s->s_clusters_per_group);
        else
                printf(_("%u blocks per group, %u fragments per group\n"),
                       s->s_blocks_per_group, s->s_clusters_per_group);
        printf(_("%u inodes per group\n"), s->s_inodes_per_group);

skip_details:
        if (fs->group_desc_count == 1) {
                printf("\n");
                return;
        }

        if (!e2p_is_null_uuid(s->s_uuid))
                printf(_("Filesystem UUID: %s\n"), e2p_uuid2str(s->s_uuid));
        printf("%s", _("Superblock backups stored on blocks: "));
        group_block = s->s_first_data_block;
        col_left = 0;
        for (i = 1; i < fs->group_desc_count; i++) {
                group_block += s->s_blocks_per_group;
                if (!ext2fs_bg_has_super(fs, i))
                        continue;
                if (i != 1)
                        printf(", ");
                need = int_log10(group_block) + 2;
                if (need > col_left) {
                        printf("\n\t");
                        col_left = 72;
                }
                col_left -= need;
                printf("%llu", (unsigned long long) group_block);
        }
        printf("\n\n");
}

/*
 * Returns true if making a file system for the Hurd, else 0
 */
static int for_hurd(const char *os)
{
        if (!os) {
#ifdef __GNU__
                return 1;
#else
                return 0;
#endif
        }
        if (isdigit(*os))
                return (atoi(os) == EXT2_OS_HURD);
        return (strcasecmp(os, "GNU") == 0 || strcasecmp(os, "hurd") == 0);
}

/*
 * Set the S_CREATOR_OS field.  Return true if OS is known,
 * otherwise, 0.
 */
static int set_os(struct ext2_super_block *sb, char *os)
{
        if (isdigit (*os))
                sb->s_creator_os = atoi (os);
        else if (strcasecmp(os, "linux") == 0)
                sb->s_creator_os = EXT2_OS_LINUX;
        else if (strcasecmp(os, "GNU") == 0 || strcasecmp(os, "hurd") == 0)
                sb->s_creator_os = EXT2_OS_HURD;
        else if (strcasecmp(os, "freebsd") == 0)
                sb->s_creator_os = EXT2_OS_FREEBSD;
        else if (strcasecmp(os, "lites") == 0)
                sb->s_creator_os = EXT2_OS_LITES;
        else
                return 0;
        return 1;
}

#define PATH_SET "PATH=/sbin"

static void parse_extended_opts(struct ext2_super_block *param,
                                const char *opts)
{
        char    *buf, *token, *next, *p, *arg, *badopt = 0;
        int     len;
        int     r_usage = 0;
        int     ret;
        int     encoding = -1;
        char    *encoding_flags = NULL;

        len = strlen(opts);
        buf = malloc(len+1);
        if (!buf) {
                fprintf(stderr, "%s",
                        _("Couldn't allocate memory to parse options!\n"));
                exit(1);
        }
        strcpy(buf, opts);
        for (token = buf; token && *token; token = next) {
                p = strchr(token, ',');
                next = 0;
                if (p) {
                        *p = 0;
                        next = p+1;
                }
                arg = strchr(token, '=');
                if (arg) {
                        *arg = 0;
                        arg++;
                }
                if (strcmp(token, "desc-size") == 0 ||
                    strcmp(token, "desc_size") == 0) {
                        int desc_size;

                        if (!ext2fs_has_feature_64bit(&fs_param)) {
                                fprintf(stderr,
                                        _("%s requires '-O 64bit'\n"), token);
                                r_usage++;
                                continue;
                        }
                        if (param->s_reserved_gdt_blocks != 0) {
                                fprintf(stderr,
                                        _("'%s' must be before 'resize=%u'\n"),
                                        token, param->s_reserved_gdt_blocks);
                                r_usage++;
                                continue;
                        }
                        if (!arg) {
                                r_usage++;
                                badopt = token;
                                continue;
                        }
                        desc_size = strtoul(arg, &p, 0);
                        if (*p || (desc_size & (desc_size - 1))) {
                                fprintf(stderr,
                                        _("Invalid desc_size: '%s'\n"), arg);
                                r_usage++;
                                continue;
                        }
                        param->s_desc_size = desc_size;
                } else if (strcmp(token, "hash_seed") == 0) {
                        if (!arg) {
                                r_usage++;
                                badopt = token;
                                continue;
                        }
                        if (uuid_parse(arg,
                                (unsigned char *)param->s_hash_seed) != 0) {
                                fprintf(stderr,
                                        _("Invalid hash seed: %s\n"), arg);
                                r_usage++;
                                continue;
                        }
                } else if (strcmp(token, "offset") == 0) {
                        if (!arg) {
                                r_usage++;
                                badopt = token;
                                continue;
                        }
                        offset = strtoull(arg, &p, 0);
                        if (*p) {
                                fprintf(stderr, _("Invalid offset: %s\n"),
                                        arg);
                                r_usage++;
                                continue;
                        }
                } else if (strcmp(token, "mmp_update_interval") == 0) {
                        if (!arg) {
                                r_usage++;
                                badopt = token;
                                continue;
                        }
                        param->s_mmp_update_interval = strtoul(arg, &p, 0);
                        if (*p) {
                                fprintf(stderr,
                                        _("Invalid mmp_update_interval: %s\n"),
                                        arg);
                                r_usage++;
                                continue;
                        }
                } else if (strcmp(token, "no_copy_xattrs") == 0) {
                        no_copy_xattrs = 1;
                        continue;
                } else if (strcmp(token, "num_backup_sb") == 0) {
                        if (!arg) {
                                r_usage++;
                                badopt = token;
                                continue;
                        }
                        num_backups = strtoul(arg, &p, 0);
                        if (*p || num_backups > 2) {
                                fprintf(stderr,
                                        _("Invalid # of backup "
                                          "superblocks: %s\n"),
                                        arg);
                                r_usage++;
                                continue;
                        }
                } else if (strcmp(token, "packed_meta_blocks") == 0) {
                        if (arg)
                                packed_meta_blocks = strtoul(arg, &p, 0);
                        else
                                packed_meta_blocks = 1;
                        if (packed_meta_blocks)
                                journal_location = 0;
                } else if (strcmp(token, "stride") == 0) {
                        if (!arg) {
                                r_usage++;
                                badopt = token;
                                continue;
                        }
                        param->s_raid_stride = strtoul(arg, &p, 0);
                        if (*p) {
                                fprintf(stderr,
                                        _("Invalid stride parameter: %s\n"),
                                        arg);
                                r_usage++;
                                continue;
                        }
                } else if (strcmp(token, "stripe-width") == 0 ||
                           strcmp(token, "stripe_width") == 0) {
                        if (!arg) {
                                r_usage++;
                                badopt = token;
                                continue;
                        }
                        param->s_raid_stripe_width = strtoul(arg, &p, 0);
                        if (*p) {
                                fprintf(stderr,
                                        _("Invalid stripe-width parameter: %s\n"),
                                        arg);
                                r_usage++;
                                continue;
                        }
                } else if (!strcmp(token, "resize")) {
                        blk64_t resize;
                        unsigned long bpg, rsv_groups;
                        unsigned long group_desc_count, desc_blocks;
                        unsigned int gdpb, blocksize;
                        int rsv_gdb;

                        if (!arg) {
                                r_usage++;
                                badopt = token;
                                continue;
                        }

                        resize = parse_num_blocks2(arg,
                                                   param->s_log_block_size);

                        if (resize == 0) {
                                fprintf(stderr,
                                        _("Invalid resize parameter: %s\n"),
                                        arg);
                                r_usage++;
                                continue;
                        }
                        if (resize <= ext2fs_blocks_count(param)) {
                                fprintf(stderr, "%s",
                                        _("The resize maximum must be greater "
                                          "than the filesystem size.\n"));
                                r_usage++;
                                continue;
                        }

                        blocksize = EXT2_BLOCK_SIZE(param);
                        bpg = param->s_blocks_per_group;
                        if (!bpg)
                                bpg = blocksize * 8;
                        gdpb = EXT2_DESC_PER_BLOCK(param);
                        group_desc_count = (__u32) ext2fs_div64_ceil(
                                ext2fs_blocks_count(param), bpg);
                        desc_blocks = (group_desc_count +
                                       gdpb - 1) / gdpb;
                        rsv_groups = ext2fs_div64_ceil(resize, bpg);
                        rsv_gdb = ext2fs_div_ceil(rsv_groups, gdpb) -
                                desc_blocks;
                        if (rsv_gdb > (int) EXT2_ADDR_PER_BLOCK(param))
                                rsv_gdb = EXT2_ADDR_PER_BLOCK(param);

                        if (rsv_gdb > 0) {
                                if (param->s_rev_level == EXT2_GOOD_OLD_REV) {
                                        fprintf(stderr, "%s",
        _("On-line resizing not supported with revision 0 filesystems\n"));
                                        free(buf);
                                        exit(1);
                                }
                                ext2fs_set_feature_resize_inode(param);

                                param->s_reserved_gdt_blocks = rsv_gdb;
                        }
                } else if (!strcmp(token, "test_fs")) {
                        param->s_flags |= EXT2_FLAGS_TEST_FILESYS;
                } else if (!strcmp(token, "lazy_itable_init")) {
                        if (arg)
                                lazy_itable_init = strtoul(arg, &p, 0);
                        else
                                lazy_itable_init = 1;
                } else if (!strcmp(token, "assume_storage_prezeroed")) {
                        if (arg)
                                assume_storage_prezeroed = strtoul(arg, &p, 0);
                        else
                                assume_storage_prezeroed = 1;
                } else if (!strcmp(token, "lazy_journal_init")) {
                        if (arg)
                                journal_flags |= strtoul(arg, &p, 0) ?
                                                EXT2_MKJOURNAL_LAZYINIT : 0;
                        else
                                journal_flags |= EXT2_MKJOURNAL_LAZYINIT;
                } else if (!strcmp(token, "root_owner")) {
                        if (arg) {
                                root_uid = strtoul(arg, &p, 0);
                                if (*p != ':') {
                                        fprintf(stderr,
                                                _("Invalid root_owner: '%s'\n"),
                                                arg);
                                        r_usage++;
                                        continue;
                                }
                                p++;
                                root_gid = strtoul(p, &p, 0);
                                if (*p) {
                                        fprintf(stderr,
                                                _("Invalid root_owner: '%s'\n"),
                                                arg);
                                        r_usage++;
                                        continue;
                                }
                        } else {
                                root_uid = getuid();
                                root_gid = getgid();
                        }
                } else if (!strcmp(token, "discard")) {
                        discard = 1;
                } else if (!strcmp(token, "nodiscard")) {
                        discard = 0;
                } else if (!strcmp(token, "quotatype")) {
                        char *errtok = NULL;

                        if (!arg) {
                                r_usage++;
                                badopt = token;
                                continue;
                        }
                        quotatype_bits = 0;
                        ret = parse_quota_types(arg, &quotatype_bits, &errtok);
                        if (ret) {
                                if (errtok) {
                                        fprintf(stderr,
                                "Failed to parse quota type at %s", errtok);
                                        free(errtok);
                                } else
                                        com_err(program_name, ret,
                                                "while parsing quota type");
                                r_usage++;
                                badopt = token;
                                continue;
                        }
                } else if (!strcmp(token, "android_sparse")) {
                        android_sparse_file = 1;
                } else if (!strcmp(token, "encoding")) {
                        if (!arg) {
                                r_usage++;
                                continue;
                        }

                        encoding = e2p_str2encoding(arg);
                        if (encoding < 0) {
                                fprintf(stderr, _("Invalid encoding: %s"), arg);
                                r_usage++;
                                continue;
                        }
                        param->s_encoding = encoding;
                        ext2fs_set_feature_casefold(param);
                } else if (!strcmp(token, "encoding_flags")) {
                        if (!arg) {
                                r_usage++;
                                continue;
                        }
                        encoding_flags = arg;
                } else if (!strcmp(token, "orphan_file_size")) {
                        if (!arg) {
                                r_usage++;
                                badopt = token;
                                continue;
                        }
                        orphan_file_blocks = parse_num_blocks2(arg,
                                                fs_param.s_log_block_size);
                        if (orphan_file_blocks == 0) {
                                fprintf(stderr,
                                        _("Invalid size of orphan file %s\n"),
                                        arg);
                                r_usage++;
                                continue;
                        }
                } else {
                        r_usage++;
                        badopt = token;
                }
        }
        if (r_usage) {
                fprintf(stderr, _("\nBad option(s) specified: %s\n\n"
                        "Extended options are separated by commas, "
                        "and may take an argument which\n"
                        "\tis set off by an equals ('=') sign.\n\n"
                        "Valid extended options are:\n"
                        "\tmmp_update_interval=<interval>\n"
                        "\tnum_backup_sb=<0|1|2>\n"
                        "\tstride=<RAID per-disk data chunk in blocks>\n"
                        "\tstripe-width=<RAID stride * data disks in blocks>\n"
                        "\toffset=<offset to create the file system>\n"
                        "\tresize=<resize maximum size in blocks>\n"
                        "\tpacked_meta_blocks=<0 to disable, 1 to enable>\n"
                        "\tlazy_itable_init=<0 to disable, 1 to enable>\n"
                        "\tlazy_journal_init=<0 to disable, 1 to enable>\n"
                        "\troot_owner=<uid of root dir>:<gid of root dir>\n"
                        "\ttest_fs\n"
                        "\tdiscard\n"
                        "\tnodiscard\n"
                        "\tencoding=<encoding>\n"
                        "\tencoding_flags=<flags>\n"
                        "\tquotatype=<quota type(s) to be enabled>\n"
                        "\tassume_storage_prezeroed=<0 to disable, 1 to enable>\n\n"),
                        badopt ? badopt : "");
                free(buf);
                exit(1);
        }
        if (param->s_raid_stride &&
            (param->s_raid_stripe_width % param->s_raid_stride) != 0)
                fprintf(stderr, _("\nWarning: RAID stripe-width %u not an even "
                                  "multiple of stride %u.\n\n"),
                        param->s_raid_stripe_width, param->s_raid_stride);

        if (ext2fs_has_feature_casefold(param)) {
                param->s_encoding_flags =
                        e2p_get_encoding_flags(param->s_encoding);

                if (encoding_flags &&
                    e2p_str2encoding_flags(param->s_encoding, encoding_flags,
                                           &param->s_encoding_flags)) {
                        fprintf(stderr, _("error: Invalid encoding flag: %s\n"),
                                encoding_flags);
                        free(buf);
                        exit(1);
                }
        } else if (encoding_flags) {
                fprintf(stderr, _("error: An encoding must be explicitly "
                                  "specified when passing encoding-flags\n"));
                free(buf);
                exit(1);
        }

        free(buf);
}

static __u32 ok_features[3] = {
        /* Compat */
        EXT3_FEATURE_COMPAT_HAS_JOURNAL |
                EXT2_FEATURE_COMPAT_RESIZE_INODE |
                EXT2_FEATURE_COMPAT_DIR_INDEX |
                EXT2_FEATURE_COMPAT_EXT_ATTR |
                EXT4_FEATURE_COMPAT_SPARSE_SUPER2 |
                EXT4_FEATURE_COMPAT_FAST_COMMIT |
                EXT4_FEATURE_COMPAT_STABLE_INODES |
                EXT4_FEATURE_COMPAT_ORPHAN_FILE,
        /* Incompat */
        EXT2_FEATURE_INCOMPAT_FILETYPE|
                EXT3_FEATURE_INCOMPAT_EXTENTS|
                EXT3_FEATURE_INCOMPAT_JOURNAL_DEV|
                EXT2_FEATURE_INCOMPAT_META_BG|
                EXT4_FEATURE_INCOMPAT_FLEX_BG|
                EXT4_FEATURE_INCOMPAT_EA_INODE|
                EXT4_FEATURE_INCOMPAT_MMP |
                EXT4_FEATURE_INCOMPAT_64BIT|
                EXT4_FEATURE_INCOMPAT_INLINE_DATA|
                EXT4_FEATURE_INCOMPAT_ENCRYPT |
                EXT4_FEATURE_INCOMPAT_CASEFOLD |
                EXT4_FEATURE_INCOMPAT_CSUM_SEED |
                EXT4_FEATURE_INCOMPAT_LARGEDIR,
        /* R/O compat */
        EXT2_FEATURE_RO_COMPAT_LARGE_FILE|
                EXT4_FEATURE_RO_COMPAT_HUGE_FILE|
                EXT4_FEATURE_RO_COMPAT_DIR_NLINK|
                EXT4_FEATURE_RO_COMPAT_EXTRA_ISIZE|
                EXT2_FEATURE_RO_COMPAT_SPARSE_SUPER|
                EXT4_FEATURE_RO_COMPAT_GDT_CSUM|
                EXT4_FEATURE_RO_COMPAT_BIGALLOC|
                EXT4_FEATURE_RO_COMPAT_QUOTA|
                EXT4_FEATURE_RO_COMPAT_METADATA_CSUM|
                EXT4_FEATURE_RO_COMPAT_PROJECT|
                EXT4_FEATURE_RO_COMPAT_VERITY
};


static void syntax_err_report(const char *filename, long err, int line_num)
{
        fprintf(stderr,
                _("Syntax error in mke2fs config file (%s, line #%d)\n\t%s\n"),
                filename, line_num, error_message(err));
        exit(1);
}

static const char *config_fn[] = { ROOT_SYSCONFDIR "/mke2fs.conf", 0 };

static void edit_feature(const char *str, __u32 *compat_array)
{
        if (!str)
                return;

        if (e2p_edit_feature(str, compat_array, ok_features)) {
                fprintf(stderr, _("Invalid filesystem option set: %s\n"),
                        str);
                exit(1);
        }
}

static void edit_mntopts(const char *str, __u32 *mntopts)
{
        if (!str)
                return;

        if (e2p_edit_mntopts(str, mntopts, ~0)) {
                fprintf(stderr, _("Invalid mount option set: %s\n"),
                        str);
                exit(1);
        }
}

struct str_list {
        char **list;
        int num;
        int max;
};

static errcode_t init_list(struct str_list *sl)
{
        sl->num = 0;
        sl->max = 1;
        sl->list = malloc((sl->max+1) * sizeof(char *));
        if (!sl->list)
                return ENOMEM;
        sl->list[0] = 0;
        return 0;
}

static errcode_t push_string(struct str_list *sl, const char *str)
{
        char **new_list;

        if (sl->num >= sl->max) {
                sl->max += 2;
                new_list = realloc(sl->list, (sl->max+1) * sizeof(char *));
                if (!new_list)
                        return ENOMEM;
                sl->list = new_list;
        }
        sl->list[sl->num] = malloc(strlen(str)+1);
        if (sl->list[sl->num] == 0)
                return ENOMEM;
        strcpy(sl->list[sl->num], str);
        sl->num++;
        sl->list[sl->num] = 0;
        return 0;
}

static void print_str_list(char **list)
{
        char **cpp;

        for (cpp = list; *cpp; cpp++) {
                printf("'%s'", *cpp);
                if (cpp[1])
                        fputs(", ", stdout);
        }
        fputc('\n', stdout);
}

/*
 * Return TRUE if the profile has the given subsection
 */
static int profile_has_subsection(profile_t prof, const char *section,
                                  const char *subsection)
{
        void                    *state;
        const char              *names[4];
        char                    *name;
        int                     ret = 0;

        names[0] = section;
        names[1] = subsection;
        names[2] = 0;

        if (profile_iterator_create(prof, names,
                                    PROFILE_ITER_LIST_SECTION |
                                    PROFILE_ITER_RELATIONS_ONLY, &state))
                return 0;

        if ((profile_iterator(&state, &name, 0) == 0) && name) {
                free(name);
                ret = 1;
        }

        profile_iterator_free(&state);
        return ret;
}

static char **parse_fs_type(const char *fs_type,
                            const char *usage_types,
                            struct ext2_super_block *sb,
                            blk64_t fs_blocks_count,
                            char *progname)
{
        const char      *ext_type = 0;
        char            *parse_str;
        char            *profile_type = 0;
        char            *cp, *t;
        const char      *size_type;
        struct str_list list;
        unsigned long long meg;
        int             is_hurd = for_hurd(creator_os);

        if (init_list(&list))
                return 0;

        if (fs_type)
                ext_type = fs_type;
        else if (is_hurd)
                ext_type = "ext2";
        else if (!strcmp(program_name, "mke3fs"))
                ext_type = "ext3";
        else if (!strcmp(program_name, "mke4fs"))
                ext_type = "ext4";
        else if (progname) {
                ext_type = strrchr(progname, '/');
                if (ext_type)
                        ext_type++;
                else
                        ext_type = progname;

                if (!strncmp(ext_type, "mkfs.", 5)) {
                        ext_type += 5;
                        if (ext_type[0] == 0)
                                ext_type = 0;
                } else
                        ext_type = 0;
        }

        if (!ext_type) {
                profile_get_string(profile, "defaults", "fs_type", 0,
                                   "ext2", &profile_type);
                ext_type = profile_type;
                if (!strcmp(ext_type, "ext2") && (journal_size != 0))
                        ext_type = "ext3";
        }


        if (!profile_has_subsection(profile, "fs_types", ext_type) &&
            strcmp(ext_type, "ext2")) {
                printf(_("\nYour mke2fs.conf file does not define the "
                         "%s filesystem type.\n"), ext_type);
                if (!strcmp(ext_type, "ext3") || !strcmp(ext_type, "ext4") ||
                    !strcmp(ext_type, "ext4dev")) {
                        printf("%s", _("You probably need to install an "
                                       "updated mke2fs.conf file.\n\n"));
                }
                if (!force) {
                        printf("%s", _("Aborting...\n"));
                        exit(1);
                }
        }

        meg = (1024 * 1024) / EXT2_BLOCK_SIZE(sb);
        if (fs_blocks_count < 3 * meg)
                size_type = "floppy";
        else if (fs_blocks_count < 512 * meg)
                size_type = "small";
        else if (fs_blocks_count < 4 * 1024 * 1024 * meg)
                size_type = "default";
        else if (fs_blocks_count < 16 * 1024 * 1024 * meg)
                size_type = "big";
        else
                size_type = "huge";

        if (!usage_types)
                usage_types = size_type;

        parse_str = malloc(strlen(usage_types)+1);
        if (!parse_str) {
                free(profile_type);
                free(list.list);
                return 0;
        }
        strcpy(parse_str, usage_types);

        if (ext_type)
                push_string(&list, ext_type);
        cp = parse_str;
        while (1) {
                t = strchr(cp, ',');
                if (t)
                        *t = '\0';

                if (*cp) {
                        if (profile_has_subsection(profile, "fs_types", cp))
                                push_string(&list, cp);
                        else if (strcmp(cp, "default") != 0)
                                fprintf(stderr,
                                        _("\nWarning: the fs_type %s is not "
                                          "defined in mke2fs.conf\n\n"),
                                        cp);
                }
                if (t)
                        cp = t+1;
                else
                        break;
        }
        free(parse_str);
        free(profile_type);
        if (is_hurd)
                push_string(&list, "hurd");
        return (list.list);
}

char *get_string_from_profile(char **types, const char *opt,
                                     const char *def_val)
{
        char *ret = 0;
        int i;

        for (i=0; types[i]; i++);
        for (i-=1; i >=0 ; i--) {
                profile_get_string(profile, "fs_types", types[i],
                                   opt, 0, &ret);
                if (ret)
                        return ret;
        }
        profile_get_string(profile, "defaults", opt, 0, def_val, &ret);
        return (ret);
}

int get_int_from_profile(char **types, const char *opt, int def_val)
{
        int ret;
        char **cpp;

        profile_get_integer(profile, "defaults", opt, 0, def_val, &ret);
        for (cpp = types; *cpp; cpp++)
                profile_get_integer(profile, "fs_types", *cpp, opt, ret, &ret);
        return ret;
}

static unsigned int get_uint_from_profile(char **types, const char *opt,
                                        unsigned int def_val)
{
        unsigned int ret;
        char **cpp;

        profile_get_uint(profile, "defaults", opt, 0, def_val, &ret);
        for (cpp = types; *cpp; cpp++)
                profile_get_uint(profile, "fs_types", *cpp, opt, ret, &ret);
        return ret;
}

static double get_double_from_profile(char **types, const char *opt,
                                      double def_val)
{
        double ret;
        char **cpp;

        profile_get_double(profile, "defaults", opt, 0, def_val, &ret);
        for (cpp = types; *cpp; cpp++)
                profile_get_double(profile, "fs_types", *cpp, opt, ret, &ret);
        return ret;
}

int get_bool_from_profile(char **types, const char *opt, int def_val)
{
        int ret;
        char **cpp;

        profile_get_boolean(profile, "defaults", opt, 0, def_val, &ret);
        for (cpp = types; *cpp; cpp++)
                profile_get_boolean(profile, "fs_types", *cpp, opt, ret, &ret);
        return ret;
}

extern const char *mke2fs_default_profile;
static const char *default_files[] = { "<default>", 0 };

struct device_param {
        unsigned long min_io;           /* preferred minimum IO size */
        unsigned long opt_io;           /* optimal IO size */
        unsigned long alignment_offset; /* alignment offset wrt physical block size */
        unsigned int dax:1;             /* supports dax? */
};

#ifdef HAVE_BLKID_PROBE_GET_TOPOLOGY
/*
 * Sets the geometry of a device (stripe/stride), and returns the
 * device's alignment offset, if any, or a negative error.
 */
static int get_device_geometry(const char *file,
                               unsigned int blocksize,
                               unsigned int psector_size,
                               struct device_param *dev_param)
{
        int rc = -1;
        blkid_probe pr;
        blkid_topology tp;
        struct stat statbuf;

        memset(dev_param, 0, sizeof(*dev_param));

        /* Nothing to do for a regular file */
        if (!stat(file, &statbuf) && S_ISREG(statbuf.st_mode))
                return 0;

        pr = blkid_new_probe_from_filename(file);
        if (!pr)
                goto out;

        tp = blkid_probe_get_topology(pr);
        if (!tp)
                goto out;

        dev_param->min_io = blkid_topology_get_minimum_io_size(tp);
        dev_param->opt_io = blkid_topology_get_optimal_io_size(tp);
        if ((dev_param->min_io == 0) && (psector_size > blocksize))
                dev_param->min_io = psector_size;
        if ((dev_param->opt_io == 0) && dev_param->min_io > 0)
                dev_param->opt_io = dev_param->min_io;
        if ((dev_param->opt_io == 0) && (psector_size > blocksize))
                dev_param->opt_io = psector_size;

        dev_param->alignment_offset = blkid_topology_get_alignment_offset(tp);
#ifdef HAVE_BLKID_TOPOLOGY_GET_DAX
        dev_param->dax = blkid_topology_get_dax(tp);
#endif
        rc = 0;
out:
        blkid_free_probe(pr);
        return rc;
}
#endif

static void PRS(int argc, char *argv[])
{
        int             b, c, flags;
        int             cluster_size = 0;
        char            *tmp, **cpp;
        int             explicit_fssize = 0;
        int             blocksize = 0;
        int             inode_ratio = 0;
        int             inode_size = 0;
        unsigned long   flex_bg_size = 0;
        double          reserved_ratio = -1.0;
        int             lsector_size = 0, psector_size = 0;
        int             show_version_only = 0, is_device = 0;
        unsigned long long num_inodes = 0; /* unsigned long long to catch too-large input */
        int             default_orphan_file = 0;
        int             default_csum_seed = 0;
        errcode_t       retval;
        char *          oldpath = getenv("PATH");
        char *          extended_opts = 0;
        char *          fs_type = 0;
        char *          usage_types = 0;
        /*
         * NOTE: A few words about fs_blocks_count and blocksize:
         *
         * Initially, blocksize is set to zero, which implies 1024.
         * If -b is specified, blocksize is updated to the user's value.
         *
         * Next, the device size or the user's "blocks" command line argument
         * is used to set fs_blocks_count; the units are blocksize.
         *
         * Later, if blocksize hasn't been set and the profile specifies a
         * blocksize, then blocksize is updated and fs_blocks_count is scaled
         * appropriately.  Note the change in units!
         *
         * Finally, we complain about fs_blocks_count > 2^32 on a non-64bit fs.
         */
        blk64_t         fs_blocks_count = 0;
        int             s_opt = -1, r_opt = -1;
        char            *fs_features = 0;
        int             fs_features_size = 0;
        int             use_bsize;
        char            *newpath;
        int             pathlen = sizeof(PATH_SET) + 1;
#ifdef HAVE_BLKID_PROBE_GET_TOPOLOGY
        struct device_param dev_param;
#endif

        if (oldpath)
                pathlen += strlen(oldpath);
        newpath = malloc(pathlen);
        if (!newpath) {
                fprintf(stderr, "%s",
                        _("Couldn't allocate memory for new PATH.\n"));
                exit(1);
        }
        strcpy(newpath, PATH_SET);

        /* Update our PATH to include /sbin  */
        if (oldpath) {
                strcat (newpath, ":");
                strcat (newpath, oldpath);
        }
        putenv (newpath);

        /* Determine the system page size if possible */
#ifdef HAVE_SYSCONF
#if (!defined(_SC_PAGESIZE) && defined(_SC_PAGE_SIZE))
#define _SC_PAGESIZE _SC_PAGE_SIZE
#endif
#ifdef _SC_PAGESIZE
        {
                long sysval = sysconf(_SC_PAGESIZE);

                if (sysval > 0)
                        sys_page_size = sysval;
        }
#endif /* _SC_PAGESIZE */
#endif /* HAVE_SYSCONF */

        if ((tmp = getenv("MKE2FS_CONFIG")) != NULL)
                config_fn[0] = tmp;
        profile_set_syntax_err_cb(syntax_err_report);
        retval = profile_init(config_fn, &profile);
        if (retval == ENOENT) {
                retval = profile_init(default_files, &profile);
                if (retval)
                        goto profile_error;
                retval = profile_set_default(profile, mke2fs_default_profile);
                if (retval)
                        goto profile_error;
        } else if (retval) {
profile_error:
                fprintf(stderr, _("Couldn't init profile successfully"
                                  " (error: %ld).\n"), retval);
                exit(1);
        }

        setbuf(stdout, NULL);
        setbuf(stderr, NULL);
        add_error_table(&et_ext2_error_table);
        add_error_table(&et_prof_error_table);
        memset(&fs_param, 0, sizeof(struct ext2_super_block));
        fs_param.s_rev_level = 1;  /* Create revision 1 filesystems now */

        if (is_before_linux_ver(2, 2, 0))
                fs_param.s_rev_level = 0;

        if (argc && *argv) {
                program_name = get_progname(*argv);

                /* If called as mkfs.ext3, create a journal inode */
                if (!strcmp(program_name, "mkfs.ext3") ||
                    !strcmp(program_name, "mke3fs"))
                        journal_size = -1;
        }

        while ((c = getopt (argc, argv,
                    "b:cd:e:g:i:jl:m:no:qr:s:t:vC:DE:FG:I:J:KL:M:N:O:R:ST:U:Vz:")) != EOF) {
                switch (c) {
                case 'b':
                        blocksize = parse_num_blocks2(optarg, -1);
                        b = (blocksize > 0) ? blocksize : -blocksize;
                        if (b < EXT2_MIN_BLOCK_SIZE ||
                            b > EXT2_MAX_BLOCK_SIZE) {
                                com_err(program_name, 0,
                                        _("invalid block size - %s"), optarg);
                                exit(1);
                        }
                        if (blocksize > 4096)
                                fprintf(stderr, _("Warning: blocksize %d not "
                                                  "usable on most systems.\n"),
                                        blocksize);
                        if (blocksize > 0)
                                fs_param.s_log_block_size =
                                        int_log2(blocksize >>
                                                 EXT2_MIN_BLOCK_LOG_SIZE);
                        break;
                case 'c':       /* Check for bad blocks */
                        cflag++;
                        break;
                case 'C':
                        cluster_size = parse_num_blocks2(optarg, -1);
                        if (cluster_size <= EXT2_MIN_CLUSTER_SIZE ||
                            cluster_size > EXT2_MAX_CLUSTER_SIZE) {
                                com_err(program_name, 0,
                                        _("invalid cluster size - %s"),
                                        optarg);
                                exit(1);
                        }
                        break;
                case 'd':
                        src_root_dir = optarg;
                        break;
                case 'D':
                        direct_io = 1;
                        break;
                case 'R':
                        com_err(program_name, 0, "%s",
                                _("'-R' is deprecated, use '-E' instead"));
                        /* fallthrough */
                case 'E':
                        extended_opts = optarg;
                        break;
                case 'e':
                        if (strcmp(optarg, "continue") == 0)
                                errors_behavior = EXT2_ERRORS_CONTINUE;
                        else if (strcmp(optarg, "remount-ro") == 0)
                                errors_behavior = EXT2_ERRORS_RO;
                        else if (strcmp(optarg, "panic") == 0)
                                errors_behavior = EXT2_ERRORS_PANIC;
                        else {
                                com_err(program_name, 0,
                                        _("bad error behavior - %s"),
                                        optarg);
                                usage();
                        }
                        break;
                case 'F':
                        force++;
                        break;
                case 'g':
                        fs_param.s_blocks_per_group = strtoul(optarg, &tmp, 0);
                        if (*tmp) {
                                com_err(program_name, 0, "%s",
                                _("Illegal number for blocks per group"));
                                exit(1);
                        }
                        if ((fs_param.s_blocks_per_group % 8) != 0) {
                                com_err(program_name, 0, "%s",
                                _("blocks per group must be multiple of 8"));
                                exit(1);
                        }
                        break;
                case 'G':
                        flex_bg_size = strtoul(optarg, &tmp, 0);
                        if (*tmp) {
                                com_err(program_name, 0, "%s",
                                        _("Illegal number for flex_bg size"));
                                exit(1);
                        }
                        if (flex_bg_size < 1 ||
                            (flex_bg_size & (flex_bg_size-1)) != 0) {
                                com_err(program_name, 0, "%s",
                                        _("flex_bg size must be a power of 2"));
                                exit(1);
                        }
                        if (flex_bg_size > MAX_32_NUM) {
                                com_err(program_name, 0,
                                _("flex_bg size (%lu) must be less than"
                                " or equal to 2^31"), flex_bg_size);
                                exit(1);
                        }
                        break;
                case 'i':
                        inode_ratio = parse_num_blocks(optarg, -1);
                        if (inode_ratio < EXT2_MIN_BLOCK_SIZE ||
                            inode_ratio > EXT2_MAX_BLOCK_SIZE * 1024) {
                                com_err(program_name, 0,
                                        _("invalid inode ratio %s (min %d/max %d)"),
                                        optarg, EXT2_MIN_BLOCK_SIZE,
                                        EXT2_MAX_BLOCK_SIZE * 1024);
                                exit(1);
                        }
                        break;
                case 'I':
                        inode_size = strtoul(optarg, &tmp, 0);
                        if (*tmp) {
                                com_err(program_name, 0,
                                        _("invalid inode size - %s"), optarg);
                                exit(1);
                        }
                        break;
                case 'j':
                        if (!journal_size)
                                journal_size = -1;
                        if (!journal_fc_size)
                                journal_fc_size = -1;
                        break;
                case 'J':
                        parse_journal_opts(optarg);
                        break;
                case 'K':
                        fprintf(stderr, "%s",
                                _("Warning: -K option is deprecated and "
                                  "should not be used anymore. Use "
                                  "\'-E nodiscard\' extended option "
                                  "instead!\n"));
                        discard = 0;
                        break;
                case 'l':
                        bad_blocks_filename = realloc(bad_blocks_filename,
                                                      strlen(optarg) + 1);
                        if (!bad_blocks_filename) {
                                com_err(program_name, ENOMEM, "%s",
                                        _("in malloc for bad_blocks_filename"));
                                exit(1);
                        }
                        strcpy(bad_blocks_filename, optarg);
                        break;
                case 'L':
                        volume_label = optarg;
                        if (strlen(volume_label) > EXT2_LABEL_LEN) {
                                volume_label[EXT2_LABEL_LEN] = '\0';
                                fprintf(stderr, _("Warning: label too long; will be truncated to '%s'\n\n"),
                                        volume_label);
                        }
                        break;
                case 'm':
                        reserved_ratio = strtod(optarg, &tmp);
                        if ( *tmp || reserved_ratio > 50 ||
                             reserved_ratio < 0) {
                                com_err(program_name, 0,
                                        _("invalid reserved blocks percent - %s"),
                                        optarg);
                                exit(1);
                        }
                        break;
                case 'M':
                        mount_dir = optarg;
                        break;
                case 'n':
                        noaction++;
                        break;
                case 'N':
                        num_inodes = strtoul(optarg, &tmp, 0);
                        if (*tmp) {
                                com_err(program_name, 0,
                                        _("bad num inodes - %s"), optarg);
                                        exit(1);
                        }
                        break;
                case 'o':
                        creator_os = optarg;
                        break;
                case 'O':
                        retval = ext2fs_resize_mem(fs_features_size,
                                   fs_features_size + 1 + strlen(optarg),
                                                   &fs_features);
                        if (retval) {
                                com_err(program_name, retval,
                                     _("while allocating fs_feature string"));
                                exit(1);
                        }
                        if (fs_features_size)
                                strcat(fs_features, ",");
                        else
                                fs_features[0] = 0;
                        strcat(fs_features, optarg);
                        fs_features_size += 1 + strlen(optarg);
                        break;
                case 'q':
                        quiet = 1;
                        break;
                case 'r':
                        r_opt = strtoul(optarg, &tmp, 0);
                        if (*tmp) {
                                com_err(program_name, 0,
                                        _("bad revision level - %s"), optarg);
                                exit(1);
                        }
                        if (r_opt > EXT2_MAX_SUPP_REV) {
                                com_err(program_name, EXT2_ET_REV_TOO_HIGH,
                                        _("while trying to create revision %d"), r_opt);
                                exit(1);
                        }
                        fs_param.s_rev_level = r_opt;
                        break;
                case 's':       /* deprecated */
                        s_opt = atoi(optarg);
                        break;
                case 'S':
                        super_only = 1;
                        break;
                case 't':
                        if (fs_type) {
                                com_err(program_name, 0, "%s",
                                    _("The -t option may only be used once"));
                                exit(1);
                        }
                        fs_type = strdup(optarg);
                        break;
                case 'T':
                        if (usage_types) {
                                com_err(program_name, 0, "%s",
                                    _("The -T option may only be used once"));
                                exit(1);
                        }
                        usage_types = strdup(optarg);
                        break;
                case 'U':
                        fs_uuid = optarg;
                        break;
                case 'v':
                        verbose = 1;
                        break;
                case 'V':
                        /* Print version number and exit */
                        show_version_only++;
                        break;
                case 'z':
                        undo_file = optarg;
                        break;
                default:
                        usage();
                }
        }
        if ((optind == argc) && !show_version_only)
                usage();
        device_name = argv[optind++];

        if (!quiet || show_version_only)
                fprintf (stderr, "mke2fs %s (%s)\n", E2FSPROGS_VERSION,
                         E2FSPROGS_DATE);

        if (show_version_only) {
                fprintf(stderr, _("\tUsing %s\n"),
                        error_message(EXT2_ET_BASE));
                exit(0);
        }

        /*
         * If there's no blocksize specified and there is a journal
         * device, use it to figure out the blocksize
         */
        if (blocksize <= 0 && journal_device) {
                ext2_filsys     jfs;
                io_manager      io_ptr;

#ifdef CONFIG_TESTIO_DEBUG
                if (getenv("TEST_IO_FLAGS") || getenv("TEST_IO_BLOCK")) {
                        io_ptr = test_io_manager;
                        test_io_backing_manager = default_io_manager;
                } else
#endif
                        io_ptr = default_io_manager;
                retval = ext2fs_open(journal_device,
                                     EXT2_FLAG_JOURNAL_DEV_OK, 0,
                                     0, io_ptr, &jfs);
                if (retval) {
                        com_err(program_name, retval,
                                _("while trying to open journal device %s\n"),
                                journal_device);
                        exit(1);
                }
                if ((blocksize < 0) && (jfs->blocksize < (unsigned) (-blocksize))) {
                        com_err(program_name, 0,
                                _("Journal dev blocksize (%d) smaller than "
                                  "minimum blocksize %d\n"), jfs->blocksize,
                                -blocksize);
                        exit(1);
                }
                blocksize = jfs->blocksize;
                printf(_("Using journal device's blocksize: %d\n"), blocksize);
                fs_param.s_log_block_size =
                        int_log2(blocksize >> EXT2_MIN_BLOCK_LOG_SIZE);
                ext2fs_close_free(&jfs);
        }

        if (optind < argc) {
                fs_blocks_count = parse_num_blocks2(argv[optind++],
                                                   fs_param.s_log_block_size);
                if (!fs_blocks_count) {
                        com_err(program_name, 0,
                                _("invalid blocks '%s' on device '%s'"),
                                argv[optind - 1], device_name);
                        exit(1);
                }
        }
        if (optind < argc)
                usage();

        profile_get_integer(profile, "options", "sync_kludge", 0, 0,
                            &sync_kludge);
        tmp = getenv("MKE2FS_SYNC");
        if (tmp)
                sync_kludge = atoi(tmp);

        profile_get_integer(profile, "options", "proceed_delay", 0, 0,
                            &proceed_delay);

        if (fs_blocks_count)
                explicit_fssize = 1;

        check_mount(device_name, force, _("filesystem"));

        /* Determine the size of the device (if possible) */
        if (noaction && fs_blocks_count) {
                dev_size = fs_blocks_count;
                retval = 0;
        } else
                retval = ext2fs_get_device_size2(device_name,
                                                 EXT2_BLOCK_SIZE(&fs_param),
                                                 &dev_size);
        if (retval == ENOENT) {
                int fd;

                if (!explicit_fssize) {
                        fprintf(stderr,
                                _("The file %s does not exist and no "
                                  "size was specified.\n"), device_name);
                        exit(1);
                }
                fd = ext2fs_open_file(device_name,
                                      O_CREAT | O_WRONLY, 0666);
                if (fd < 0) {
                        retval = errno;
                } else {
                        dev_size = 0;
                        retval = 0;
                        close(fd);
                        printf(_("Creating regular file %s\n"), device_name);
                }
        }
        if (retval && (retval != EXT2_ET_UNIMPLEMENTED)) {
                com_err(program_name, retval, "%s",
                        _("while trying to determine filesystem size"));
                exit(1);
        }
        if (!fs_blocks_count) {
                if (retval == EXT2_ET_UNIMPLEMENTED) {
                        com_err(program_name, 0, "%s",
                                _("Couldn't determine device size; you "
                                "must specify\nthe size of the "
                                "filesystem\n"));
                        exit(1);
                } else {
                        if (dev_size == 0) {
                                com_err(program_name, 0, "%s",
                                _("Device size reported to be zero.  "
                                  "Invalid partition specified, or\n\t"
                                  "partition table wasn't reread "
                                  "after running fdisk, due to\n\t"
                                  "a modified partition being busy "
                                  "and in use.  You may need to reboot\n\t"
                                  "to re-read your partition table.\n"
                                  ));
                                exit(1);
                        }
                        fs_blocks_count = dev_size;
                        if (sys_page_size > EXT2_BLOCK_SIZE(&fs_param))
                                fs_blocks_count &= ~((blk64_t) ((sys_page_size /
                                             EXT2_BLOCK_SIZE(&fs_param))-1));
                }
        } else if (!force && is_device && (fs_blocks_count > dev_size)) {
                com_err(program_name, 0, "%s",
                        _("Filesystem larger than apparent device size."));
                proceed_question(proceed_delay);
        }

        if (!fs_type)
                profile_get_string(profile, "devices", device_name,
                                   "fs_type", 0, &fs_type);
        if (!usage_types)
                profile_get_string(profile, "devices", device_name,
                                   "usage_types", 0, &usage_types);
        if (!creator_os)
                profile_get_string(profile, "defaults", "creator_os", 0,
                                   0, &creator_os);

        /*
         * We have the file system (or device) size, so we can now
         * determine the appropriate file system types so the fs can
         * be appropriately configured.
         */
        fs_types = parse_fs_type(fs_type, usage_types, &fs_param,
                                 fs_blocks_count ? fs_blocks_count : dev_size,
                                 argv[0]);
        if (!fs_types) {
                fprintf(stderr, "%s", _("Failed to parse fs types list\n"));
                exit(1);
        }

        /* Figure out what features should be enabled */

        tmp = NULL;
        if (fs_param.s_rev_level != EXT2_GOOD_OLD_REV) {
                tmp = get_string_from_profile(fs_types, "base_features",
                      "sparse_super,large_file,filetype,resize_inode,dir_index");
                edit_feature(tmp, &fs_param.s_feature_compat);
                free(tmp);

                /* And which mount options as well */
                tmp = get_string_from_profile(fs_types, "default_mntopts",
                                              "acl,user_xattr");
                edit_mntopts(tmp, &fs_param.s_default_mount_opts);
                if (tmp)
                        free(tmp);

                for (cpp = fs_types; *cpp; cpp++) {
                        tmp = NULL;
                        profile_get_string(profile, "fs_types", *cpp,
                                           "features", "", &tmp);
                        if (tmp && *tmp)
                                edit_feature(tmp, &fs_param.s_feature_compat);
                        if (tmp)
                                free(tmp);
                }
                tmp = get_string_from_profile(fs_types, "default_features",
                                              "");
        }
        /* Mask off features which aren't supported by the Hurd */
        if (for_hurd(creator_os)) {
                ext2fs_clear_feature_filetype(&fs_param);
                ext2fs_clear_feature_huge_file(&fs_param);
                ext2fs_clear_feature_metadata_csum(&fs_param);
                ext2fs_clear_feature_ea_inode(&fs_param);
                ext2fs_clear_feature_casefold(&fs_param);
        }
        if (!fs_features && tmp)
                edit_feature(tmp, &fs_param.s_feature_compat);
        /*
         * Now all the defaults are incorporated in fs_param. Check the state
         * of orphan_file feature so that we know whether we should silently
         * disabled in case journal gets disabled.
         */
        if (ext2fs_has_feature_orphan_file(&fs_param))
                default_orphan_file = 1;
        if (ext2fs_has_feature_csum_seed(&fs_param))
                default_csum_seed = 1;
        if (fs_features)
                edit_feature(fs_features, &fs_param.s_feature_compat);
        /* Silently disable orphan_file if user chose fs without journal */
        if (default_orphan_file && !ext2fs_has_feature_journal(&fs_param))
                ext2fs_clear_feature_orphan_file(&fs_param);
        if (default_csum_seed && !ext2fs_has_feature_metadata_csum(&fs_param))
                ext2fs_clear_feature_csum_seed(&fs_param);
        if (tmp)
                free(tmp);
        (void) ext2fs_free_mem(&fs_features);
        /*
         * If the user specified features incompatible with the Hurd, complain
         */
        if (for_hurd(creator_os)) {
                if (ext2fs_has_feature_filetype(&fs_param)) {
                        fprintf(stderr, "%s", _("The HURD does not support the "
                                                "filetype feature.\n"));
                        exit(1);
                }
                if (ext2fs_has_feature_huge_file(&fs_param)) {
                        fprintf(stderr, "%s", _("The HURD does not support the "
                                                "huge_file feature.\n"));
                        exit(1);
                }
                if (ext2fs_has_feature_metadata_csum(&fs_param)) {
                        fprintf(stderr, "%s", _("The HURD does not support the "
                                                "metadata_csum feature.\n"));
                        exit(1);
                }
                if (ext2fs_has_feature_ea_inode(&fs_param)) {
                        fprintf(stderr, "%s", _("The HURD does not support the "
                                                "ea_inode feature.\n"));
                        exit(1);
                }
        }

        /* Get the hardware sector sizes, if available */
        retval = ext2fs_get_device_sectsize(device_name, &lsector_size);
        if (retval) {
                com_err(program_name, retval, "%s",
                        _("while trying to determine hardware sector size"));
                exit(1);
        }
        retval = ext2fs_get_device_phys_sectsize(device_name, &psector_size);
        if (retval) {
                com_err(program_name, retval, "%s",
                        _("while trying to determine physical sector size"));
                exit(1);
        }

        tmp = getenv("MKE2FS_DEVICE_SECTSIZE");
        if (tmp != NULL)
                lsector_size = atoi(tmp);
        tmp = getenv("MKE2FS_DEVICE_PHYS_SECTSIZE");
        if (tmp != NULL)
                psector_size = atoi(tmp);

        /* Older kernels may not have physical/logical distinction */
        if (!psector_size)
                psector_size = lsector_size;

        if (blocksize <= 0) {
                use_bsize = get_int_from_profile(fs_types, "blocksize", 4096);

                if (use_bsize == -1) {
                        use_bsize = sys_page_size;
                        if (is_before_linux_ver(2, 6, 0) && use_bsize > 4096)
                                use_bsize = 4096;
                }
                if (lsector_size && use_bsize < lsector_size)
                        use_bsize = lsector_size;
                if ((blocksize < 0) && (use_bsize < (-blocksize)))
                        use_bsize = -blocksize;
                blocksize = use_bsize;
                fs_blocks_count /= (blocksize / 1024);
        } else {
                if (blocksize < lsector_size) {                 /* Impossible */
                        com_err(program_name, EINVAL, "%s",
                                _("while setting blocksize; too small "
                                  "for device\n"));
                        exit(1);
                } else if ((blocksize < psector_size) &&
                           (psector_size <= sys_page_size)) {   /* Suboptimal */
                        fprintf(stderr, _("Warning: specified blocksize %d is "
                                "less than device physical sectorsize %d\n"),
                                blocksize, psector_size);
                }
        }

        fs_param.s_log_block_size =
                int_log2(blocksize >> EXT2_MIN_BLOCK_LOG_SIZE);

        /*
         * We now need to do a sanity check of fs_blocks_count for
         * 32-bit vs 64-bit block number support.
         */
        if ((fs_blocks_count > MAX_32_NUM) &&
            ext2fs_has_feature_64bit(&fs_param))
                ext2fs_clear_feature_resize_inode(&fs_param);
        if ((fs_blocks_count > MAX_32_NUM) &&
            !ext2fs_has_feature_64bit(&fs_param) &&
            get_bool_from_profile(fs_types, "auto_64-bit_support", 0)) {
                ext2fs_set_feature_64bit(&fs_param);
                ext2fs_clear_feature_resize_inode(&fs_param);
        }
        if ((fs_blocks_count > MAX_32_NUM) &&
            !ext2fs_has_feature_64bit(&fs_param)) {
                fprintf(stderr, _("%s: Size of device (0x%llx blocks) %s "
                                  "too big to be expressed\n\t"
                                  "in 32 bits using a blocksize of %d.\n"),
                        program_name, (unsigned long long) fs_blocks_count,
                        device_name, EXT2_BLOCK_SIZE(&fs_param));
                exit(1);
        }
        /*
         * Guard against group descriptor count overflowing... Mostly to avoid
         * strange results for absurdly large devices.  This is in log2:
         * (blocksize) * (bits per byte) * (maximum number of block groups)
         */
        if (fs_blocks_count >
            (1ULL << (EXT2_BLOCK_SIZE_BITS(&fs_param) + 3 + 32)) - 1) {
                fprintf(stderr, _("%s: Size of device (0x%llx blocks) %s "
                                  "too big to create\n\t"
                                  "a filesystem using a blocksize of %d.\n"),
                        program_name, (unsigned long long) fs_blocks_count,
                        device_name, EXT2_BLOCK_SIZE(&fs_param));
                exit(1);
        }

        ext2fs_blocks_count_set(&fs_param, fs_blocks_count);

        if (ext2fs_has_feature_journal_dev(&fs_param)) {
                int i;

                for (i=0; fs_types[i]; i++) {
                        free(fs_types[i]);
                        fs_types[i] = 0;
                }
                fs_types[0] = strdup("journal");
                fs_types[1] = 0;
        }

        if (verbose) {
                fputs(_("fs_types for mke2fs.conf resolution: "), stdout);
                print_str_list(fs_types);
        }

        if (r_opt == EXT2_GOOD_OLD_REV &&
            (fs_param.s_feature_compat || fs_param.s_feature_incompat ||
             fs_param.s_feature_ro_compat)) {
                fprintf(stderr, "%s", _("Filesystem features not supported "
                                        "with revision 0 filesystems\n"));
                exit(1);
        }

        if (s_opt > 0) {
                if (r_opt == EXT2_GOOD_OLD_REV) {
                        fprintf(stderr, "%s",
                                _("Sparse superblocks not supported "
                                  "with revision 0 filesystems\n"));
                        exit(1);
                }
                ext2fs_set_feature_sparse_super(&fs_param);
        } else if (s_opt == 0)
                ext2fs_clear_feature_sparse_super(&fs_param);

        if (journal_size != 0) {
                if (r_opt == EXT2_GOOD_OLD_REV) {
                        fprintf(stderr, "%s", _("Journals not supported with "
                                                "revision 0 filesystems\n"));
                        exit(1);
                }
                ext2fs_set_feature_journal(&fs_param);
        }

        /* Get reserved_ratio from profile if not specified on cmd line. */
        if (reserved_ratio < 0.0) {
                reserved_ratio = get_double_from_profile(
                                        fs_types, "reserved_ratio", 5.0);
                if (reserved_ratio > 50 || reserved_ratio < 0) {
                        com_err(program_name, 0,
                                _("invalid reserved blocks percent - %lf"),
                                reserved_ratio);
                        exit(1);
                }
        }

        if (ext2fs_has_feature_journal_dev(&fs_param)) {
                reserved_ratio = 0;
                fs_param.s_feature_incompat = EXT3_FEATURE_INCOMPAT_JOURNAL_DEV;
                fs_param.s_feature_compat = 0;
                fs_param.s_feature_ro_compat &=
                                        EXT4_FEATURE_RO_COMPAT_METADATA_CSUM;
        }

        /* Check the user's mkfs options for 64bit */
        if (ext2fs_has_feature_64bit(&fs_param) &&
            !ext2fs_has_feature_extents(&fs_param)) {
                printf("%s", _("Extents MUST be enabled for a 64-bit "
                               "filesystem.  Pass -O extents to rectify.\n"));
                exit(1);
        }

        /* Set first meta blockgroup via an environment variable */
        /* (this is mostly for debugging purposes) */
        if (ext2fs_has_feature_meta_bg(&fs_param) &&
            (tmp = getenv("MKE2FS_FIRST_META_BG")))
                fs_param.s_first_meta_bg = atoi(tmp);
        if (ext2fs_has_feature_bigalloc(&fs_param)) {
                if (!cluster_size)
                        cluster_size = get_int_from_profile(fs_types,
                                                            "cluster_size",
                                                            blocksize*16);
                fs_param.s_log_cluster_size =
                        int_log2(cluster_size >> EXT2_MIN_CLUSTER_LOG_SIZE);
                if (fs_param.s_log_cluster_size &&
                    fs_param.s_log_cluster_size < fs_param.s_log_block_size) {
                        com_err(program_name, 0, "%s",
                                _("The cluster size may not be "
                                  "smaller than the block size.\n"));
                        exit(1);
                }
        } else if (cluster_size) {
                com_err(program_name, 0, "%s",
                        _("specifying a cluster size requires the "
                          "bigalloc feature"));
                exit(1);
        } else
                fs_param.s_log_cluster_size = fs_param.s_log_block_size;

        if (inode_ratio == 0) {
                inode_ratio = get_int_from_profile(fs_types, "inode_ratio",
                                                   8192);
                if (inode_ratio < blocksize)
                        inode_ratio = blocksize;
                if (inode_ratio < EXT2_CLUSTER_SIZE(&fs_param))
                        inode_ratio = EXT2_CLUSTER_SIZE(&fs_param);
        }

#ifdef HAVE_BLKID_PROBE_GET_TOPOLOGY
        retval = get_device_geometry(device_name, blocksize,
                                     psector_size, &dev_param);
        if (retval < 0) {
                fprintf(stderr,
                        _("warning: Unable to get device geometry for %s\n"),
                        device_name);
        } else {
                /* setting stripe/stride to blocksize is pointless */
                if (dev_param.min_io > (unsigned) blocksize)
                        fs_param.s_raid_stride = dev_param.min_io / blocksize;
                if (dev_param.opt_io > (unsigned) blocksize) {
                        fs_param.s_raid_stripe_width =
                                                dev_param.opt_io / blocksize;
                }

                if (dev_param.alignment_offset) {
                        printf(_("%s alignment is offset by %lu bytes.\n"),
                               device_name, dev_param.alignment_offset);
                        printf(_("This may result in very poor performance, "
                                  "(re)-partitioning suggested.\n"));
                }

                if (dev_param.dax && blocksize != sys_page_size) {
                        fprintf(stderr,
                                _("%s is capable of DAX but current block size "
                                  "%u is different from system page size %u so "
                                  "filesystem will not support DAX.\n"),
                                device_name, blocksize, sys_page_size);
                }
        }
#endif

        num_backups = get_int_from_profile(fs_types, "num_backup_sb", 2);

        blocksize = EXT2_BLOCK_SIZE(&fs_param);

        /*
         * Initialize s_desc_size so that the parse_extended_opts()
         * can correctly handle "-E resize=NNN" if the 64-bit option
         * is set.
         */
        if (ext2fs_has_feature_64bit(&fs_param))
                fs_param.s_desc_size = EXT2_MIN_DESC_SIZE_64BIT;

        /* This check should happen beyond the last assignment to blocksize */
        if (blocksize > sys_page_size) {
                if (!force) {
                        com_err(program_name, 0,
                                _("%d-byte blocks too big for system (max %d)"),
                                blocksize, sys_page_size);
                        proceed_question(proceed_delay);
                }
                fprintf(stderr, _("Warning: %d-byte blocks too big for system "
                                  "(max %d), forced to continue\n"),
                        blocksize, sys_page_size);
        }

        /* Metadata checksumming wasn't totally stable before 3.18. */
        if (is_before_linux_ver(3, 18, 0) &&
            ext2fs_has_feature_metadata_csum(&fs_param))
                fprintf(stderr, _("Suggestion: Use Linux kernel >= 3.18 for "
                        "improved stability of the metadata and journal "
                        "checksum features.\n"));

        /*
         * On newer kernels we do have lazy_itable_init support. So pick the
         * right default in case ext4 module is not loaded.
         */
        if (is_before_linux_ver(2, 6, 37))
                lazy_itable_init = 0;
        else
                lazy_itable_init = 1;

        if (access("/sys/fs/ext4/features/lazy_itable_init", R_OK) == 0)
                lazy_itable_init = 1;

        lazy_itable_init = get_bool_from_profile(fs_types,
                                                 "lazy_itable_init",
                                                 lazy_itable_init);
        discard = get_bool_from_profile(fs_types, "discard" , discard);
        journal_flags |= get_bool_from_profile(fs_types,
                                               "lazy_journal_init", 0) ?
                                               EXT2_MKJOURNAL_LAZYINIT : 0;
        journal_flags |= EXT2_MKJOURNAL_NO_MNT_CHECK;

        if (!journal_location_string)
                journal_location_string = get_string_from_profile(fs_types,
                                                "journal_location", "");
        if ((journal_location == ~0ULL) && journal_location_string &&
            *journal_location_string)
                journal_location = parse_num_blocks2(journal_location_string,
                                                fs_param.s_log_block_size);
        free(journal_location_string);

        packed_meta_blocks = get_bool_from_profile(fs_types,
                                                   "packed_meta_blocks", 0);
        if (packed_meta_blocks)
                journal_location = 0;

        if (ext2fs_has_feature_casefold(&fs_param)) {
                char *ef, *en = get_string_from_profile(fs_types,
                                                        "encoding", "utf8");
                int encoding = e2p_str2encoding(en);

                if (encoding < 0) {
                        com_err(program_name, 0,
                                _("Unknown filename encoding from profile: %s"),
                                en);
                        exit(1);
                }
                free(en);
                fs_param.s_encoding = encoding;
                ef = get_string_from_profile(fs_types, "encoding_flags", NULL);
                if (ef) {
                        if (e2p_str2encoding_flags(encoding, ef,
                                        &fs_param.s_encoding_flags) < 0) {
                                com_err(program_name, 0,
                        _("Unknown encoding flags from profile: %s"), ef);
                                exit(1);
                        }
                        free(ef);
                } else
                        fs_param.s_encoding_flags =
                                e2p_get_encoding_flags(encoding);
        }

        /* Get options from profile */
        for (cpp = fs_types; *cpp; cpp++) {
                tmp = NULL;
                profile_get_string(profile, "fs_types", *cpp, "options", "", &tmp);
                        if (tmp && *tmp)
                                parse_extended_opts(&fs_param, tmp);
                        free(tmp);
        }

        if (extended_opts)
                parse_extended_opts(&fs_param, extended_opts);

        if (explicit_fssize == 0 && offset > 0) {
                fs_blocks_count -= offset / EXT2_BLOCK_SIZE(&fs_param);
                ext2fs_blocks_count_set(&fs_param, fs_blocks_count);
                fprintf(stderr,
                        _("\nWarning: offset specified without an "
                          "explicit file system size.\n"
                          "Creating a file system with %llu blocks "
                          "but this might\n"
                          "not be what you want.\n\n"),
                        (unsigned long long) fs_blocks_count);
        }

        if (quotatype_bits & QUOTA_PRJ_BIT)
                ext2fs_set_feature_project(&fs_param);

        if (ext2fs_has_feature_project(&fs_param)) {
                quotatype_bits |= QUOTA_PRJ_BIT;
                if (inode_size == EXT2_GOOD_OLD_INODE_SIZE) {
                        com_err(program_name, 0,
                                _("%d byte inodes are too small for "
                                  "project quota"),
                                inode_size);
                        exit(1);
                }
                if (inode_size == 0) {
                        inode_size = get_int_from_profile(fs_types,
                                                          "inode_size", 0);
                        if (inode_size <= EXT2_GOOD_OLD_INODE_SIZE*2)
                                inode_size = EXT2_GOOD_OLD_INODE_SIZE*2;
                }
        }

        /* Don't allow user to set both metadata_csum and uninit_bg bits. */
        if (ext2fs_has_feature_metadata_csum(&fs_param) &&
            ext2fs_has_feature_gdt_csum(&fs_param))
                ext2fs_clear_feature_gdt_csum(&fs_param);

        /* Can't support bigalloc feature without extents feature */
        if (ext2fs_has_feature_bigalloc(&fs_param) &&
            !ext2fs_has_feature_extents(&fs_param)) {
                com_err(program_name, 0, "%s",
                        _("Can't support bigalloc feature without "
                          "extents feature"));
                exit(1);
        }

        if (ext2fs_has_feature_meta_bg(&fs_param) &&
            ext2fs_has_feature_resize_inode(&fs_param)) {
                fprintf(stderr, "%s", _("The resize_inode and meta_bg "
                                        "features are not compatible.\n"
                                        "They can not be both enabled "
                                        "simultaneously.\n"));
                exit(1);
        }

        if (!quiet && ext2fs_has_feature_bigalloc(&fs_param) &&
            EXT2_CLUSTER_SIZE(&fs_param) > 16 * EXT2_BLOCK_SIZE(&fs_param))
                fprintf(stderr, "%s", _("\nWarning: bigalloc file systems "
                                "with a cluster size greater than\n"
                                "16 times the block size is considered "
                                "experimental\n"));

        /*
         * Since sparse_super is the default, we would only have a problem
         * here if it was explicitly disabled.
         */
        if (ext2fs_has_feature_resize_inode(&fs_param) &&
            !ext2fs_has_feature_sparse_super(&fs_param)) {
                com_err(program_name, 0, "%s",
                        _("reserved online resize blocks not supported "
                          "on non-sparse filesystem"));
                exit(1);
        }

        if (fs_param.s_blocks_per_group) {
                if (fs_param.s_blocks_per_group < 256 ||
                    fs_param.s_blocks_per_group > 8 * (unsigned) blocksize) {
                        com_err(program_name, 0, "%s",
                                _("blocks per group count out of range"));
                        exit(1);
                }
        }

        /*
         * If the bigalloc feature is enabled, then the -g option will
         * specify the number of clusters per group.
         */
        if (ext2fs_has_feature_bigalloc(&fs_param)) {
                fs_param.s_clusters_per_group = fs_param.s_blocks_per_group;
                fs_param.s_blocks_per_group = 0;
        }

        if (inode_size == 0)
                inode_size = get_int_from_profile(fs_types, "inode_size", 0);
        if (!flex_bg_size && ext2fs_has_feature_flex_bg(&fs_param))
                flex_bg_size = get_uint_from_profile(fs_types,
                                                     "flex_bg_size", 16);
        if (flex_bg_size) {
                if (!ext2fs_has_feature_flex_bg(&fs_param)) {
                        com_err(program_name, 0, "%s",
                                _("Flex_bg feature not enabled, so "
                                  "flex_bg size may not be specified"));
                        exit(1);
                }
                fs_param.s_log_groups_per_flex = int_log2(flex_bg_size);
        }

        if (inode_size && fs_param.s_rev_level >= EXT2_DYNAMIC_REV) {
                if (inode_size < EXT2_GOOD_OLD_INODE_SIZE ||
                    inode_size > EXT2_BLOCK_SIZE(&fs_param) ||
                    inode_size & (inode_size - 1)) {
                        com_err(program_name, 0,
                                _("invalid inode size %d (min %d/max %d)"),
                                inode_size, EXT2_GOOD_OLD_INODE_SIZE,
                                blocksize);
                        exit(1);
                }
                fs_param.s_inode_size = inode_size;
        }

        /*
         * If inode size is 128 and inline data is enabled, we need
         * to notify users that inline data will never be useful.
         */
        if (ext2fs_has_feature_inline_data(&fs_param) &&
            fs_param.s_inode_size == EXT2_GOOD_OLD_INODE_SIZE) {
                com_err(program_name, 0,
                        _("%d byte inodes are too small for inline data; "
                          "specify larger size"),
                        fs_param.s_inode_size);
                exit(1);
        }

        /*
         * Warn the user that filesystems with 128-byte inodes will
         * not work properly beyond 2038.  This can be suppressed via
         * a boolean in the mke2fs.conf file, and we will disable this
         * warning for file systems created for the GNU Hurd.
         */
        if (inode_size == EXT2_GOOD_OLD_INODE_SIZE &&
            get_bool_from_profile(fs_types, "warn_y2038_dates", 1))
                printf(
_("128-byte inodes cannot handle dates beyond 2038 and are deprecated\n"));

        /* Make sure number of inodes specified will fit in 32 bits */
        if (num_inodes == 0) {
                unsigned long long n;
                n = ext2fs_blocks_count(&fs_param) * blocksize / inode_ratio;
                if (n > MAX_32_NUM) {
                        if (ext2fs_has_feature_64bit(&fs_param))
                                num_inodes = MAX_32_NUM;
                        else {
                                com_err(program_name, 0,
                                        _("too many inodes (%llu), raise "
                                          "inode ratio?"),
                                        (unsigned long long) n);
                                exit(1);
                        }
                }
        } else if (num_inodes > MAX_32_NUM) {
                com_err(program_name, 0,
                        _("too many inodes (%llu), specify < 2^32 inodes"),
                        (unsigned long long) num_inodes);
                exit(1);
        }
        /*
         * Calculate number of inodes based on the inode ratio
         */
        fs_param.s_inodes_count = num_inodes ? num_inodes :
                (ext2fs_blocks_count(&fs_param) * blocksize) / inode_ratio;

        if ((((unsigned long long)fs_param.s_inodes_count) *
             (inode_size ? inode_size : EXT2_GOOD_OLD_INODE_SIZE)) >=
            ((ext2fs_blocks_count(&fs_param)) *
             EXT2_BLOCK_SIZE(&fs_param))) {
                com_err(program_name, 0, _("inode_size (%u) * inodes_count "
                                          "(%u) too big for a\n\t"
                                          "filesystem with %llu blocks, "
                                          "specify higher inode_ratio (-i)\n\t"
                                          "or lower inode count (-N).\n"),
                        inode_size ? inode_size : EXT2_GOOD_OLD_INODE_SIZE,
                        fs_param.s_inodes_count,
                        (unsigned long long) ext2fs_blocks_count(&fs_param));
                exit(1);
        }

        /*
         * Calculate number of blocks to reserve
         */
        ext2fs_r_blocks_count_set(&fs_param, reserved_ratio *
                                  ext2fs_blocks_count(&fs_param) / 100.0);

        if (ext2fs_has_feature_sparse_super2(&fs_param)) {
                if (num_backups >= 1)
                        fs_param.s_backup_bgs[0] = 1;
                if (num_backups >= 2)
                        fs_param.s_backup_bgs[1] = ~0;
        }

        free(fs_type);
        free(usage_types);

        /* The isatty() test is so we don't break existing scripts */
        flags = CREATE_FILE;
        if (isatty(0) && isatty(1) && !offset)
                flags |= CHECK_FS_EXIST;
        if (!quiet)
                flags |= VERBOSE_CREATE;
        if (!explicit_fssize)
                flags |= NO_SIZE;
        if (!check_plausibility(device_name, flags, &is_device) && !force)
                proceed_question(proceed_delay);
}

static int should_do_undo(const char *name)
{
        errcode_t retval;
        io_channel channel;
        __u16   s_magic;
        struct ext2_super_block super;
        io_manager manager = default_io_manager;
        int csum_flag, force_undo;

        csum_flag = ext2fs_has_feature_metadata_csum(&fs_param) ||
                    ext2fs_has_feature_gdt_csum(&fs_param);
        force_undo = get_int_from_profile(fs_types, "force_undo", 0);
        if (!force_undo && (!csum_flag || !lazy_itable_init))
                return 0;

        retval = manager->open(name, IO_FLAG_EXCLUSIVE,  &channel);
        if (retval) {
                /*
                 * We don't handle error cases instead we
                 * declare that the file system doesn't exist
                 * and let the rest of mke2fs take care of
                 * error
                 */
                retval = 0;
                goto open_err_out;
        }

        io_channel_set_blksize(channel, SUPERBLOCK_OFFSET);
        retval = io_channel_read_blk64(channel, 1, -SUPERBLOCK_SIZE, &super);
        if (retval) {
                retval = 0;
                goto err_out;
        }

#if defined(WORDS_BIGENDIAN)
        s_magic = ext2fs_swab16(super.s_magic);
#else
        s_magic = super.s_magic;
#endif

        if (s_magic == EXT2_SUPER_MAGIC)
                retval = 1;

err_out:
        io_channel_close(channel);

open_err_out:

        return retval;
}

static int mke2fs_setup_tdb(const char *name, io_manager *io_ptr)
{
        errcode_t retval = ENOMEM;
        char *tdb_dir = NULL, *tdb_file = NULL;
        char *dev_name, *tmp_name;
        int free_tdb_dir = 0;

        /* (re)open a specific undo file */
        if (undo_file && undo_file[0] != 0) {
                retval = set_undo_io_backing_manager(*io_ptr);
                if (retval)
                        goto err;
                *io_ptr = undo_io_manager;
                retval = set_undo_io_backup_file(undo_file);
                if (retval)
                        goto err;
                printf(_("Overwriting existing filesystem; this can be undone "
                         "using the command:\n"
                         "    e2undo %s %s\n\n"), undo_file, name);
                return retval;
        }

        /*
         * Configuration via a conf file would be
         * nice
         */
        tdb_dir = getenv("E2FSPROGS_UNDO_DIR");
        if (!tdb_dir) {
                profile_get_string(profile, "defaults",
                                   "undo_dir", 0, "/var/lib/e2fsprogs",
                                   &tdb_dir);
                free_tdb_dir = 1;
        }

        if (!strcmp(tdb_dir, "none") || (tdb_dir[0] == 0) ||
            access(tdb_dir, W_OK)) {
                if (free_tdb_dir)
                        free(tdb_dir);
                return 0;
        }

        tmp_name = strdup(name);
        if (!tmp_name)
                goto errout;
        dev_name = basename(tmp_name);
        tdb_file = malloc(strlen(tdb_dir) + 8 + strlen(dev_name) + 7 + 1);
        if (!tdb_file) {
                free(tmp_name);
                goto errout;
        }
        sprintf(tdb_file, "%s/mke2fs-%s.e2undo", tdb_dir, dev_name);
        free(tmp_name);

        if ((unlink(tdb_file) < 0) && (errno != ENOENT)) {
                retval = errno;
                com_err(program_name, retval,
                        _("while trying to delete %s"), tdb_file);
                goto errout;
        }

        retval = set_undo_io_backing_manager(*io_ptr);
        if (retval)
                goto errout;
        *io_ptr = undo_io_manager;
        retval = set_undo_io_backup_file(tdb_file);
        if (retval)
                goto errout;
        printf(_("Overwriting existing filesystem; this can be undone "
                 "using the command:\n"
                 "    e2undo %s %s\n\n"), tdb_file, name);

        if (free_tdb_dir)
                free(tdb_dir);
        free(tdb_file);
        return 0;

errout:
        if (free_tdb_dir)
                free(tdb_dir);
        free(tdb_file);
err:
        com_err(program_name, retval, "%s",
                _("while trying to setup undo file\n"));
        return retval;
}

static int mke2fs_discard_device(ext2_filsys fs)
{
        struct ext2fs_numeric_progress_struct progress;
        blk64_t blocks = ext2fs_blocks_count(fs->super);
        blk64_t count = DISCARD_STEP_MB;
        blk64_t cur = 0;
        int retval = 0;

        /*
         * Let's try if discard really works on the device, so
         * we do not print numeric progress resulting in failure
         * afterwards.
         */
        retval = io_channel_discard(fs->io, 0, 1);
        if (retval)
                return retval;

        count *= (1024 * 1024);
        count /= fs->blocksize;

        ext2fs_numeric_progress_init(fs, &progress,
                                     _("Discarding device blocks: "),
                                     blocks);
        while (cur < blocks) {
                ext2fs_numeric_progress_update(fs, &progress, cur);

                if (cur + count > blocks)
                        count = blocks - cur;

                retval = io_channel_discard(fs->io, cur, count);
                if (retval)
                        break;
                cur += count;
        }

        if (retval) {
                ext2fs_numeric_progress_close(fs, &progress,
                                      _("failed - "));
                if (!quiet)
                        printf("%s\n",error_message(retval));
        } else
                ext2fs_numeric_progress_close(fs, &progress,
                                      _("done                            \n"));

        return retval;
}

static void fix_cluster_bg_counts(ext2_filsys fs)
{
        blk64_t         block, num_blocks, last_block, next;
        blk64_t         tot_free = 0;
        errcode_t       retval;
        dgrp_t          group = 0;
        int             grp_free = 0;

        num_blocks = ext2fs_blocks_count(fs->super);
        last_block = ext2fs_group_last_block2(fs, group);
        block = fs->super->s_first_data_block;
        while (block < num_blocks) {
                retval = ext2fs_find_first_zero_block_bitmap2(fs->block_map,
                                                block, last_block, &next);
                if (retval == 0)
                        block = next;
                else {
                        block = last_block + 1;
                        goto next_bg;
                }

                retval = ext2fs_find_first_set_block_bitmap2(fs->block_map,
                                                block, last_block, &next);
                if (retval)
                        next = last_block + 1;
                grp_free += EXT2FS_NUM_B2C(fs, next - block);
                tot_free += next - block;
                block = next;

                if (block > last_block) {
                next_bg:
                        ext2fs_bg_free_blocks_count_set(fs, group, grp_free);
                        ext2fs_group_desc_csum_set(fs, group);
                        grp_free = 0;
                        group++;
                        last_block = ext2fs_group_last_block2(fs, group);
                }
        }
        ext2fs_free_blocks_count_set(fs->super, tot_free);
}

static int create_quota_inodes(ext2_filsys fs)
{
        quota_ctx_t qctx;
        errcode_t retval;

        retval = quota_init_context(&qctx, fs, quotatype_bits);
        if (retval) {
                com_err(program_name, retval,
                        _("while initializing quota context"));
                exit(1);
        }
        quota_compute_usage(qctx);
        retval = quota_write_inode(qctx, quotatype_bits);
        if (retval) {
                com_err(program_name, retval,
                        _("while writing quota inodes"));
                exit(1);
        }
        quota_release_context(&qctx);

        return 0;
}

static errcode_t set_error_behavior(ext2_filsys fs)
{
        char    *arg = NULL;
        short   errors = fs->super->s_errors;

        arg = get_string_from_profile(fs_types, "errors", NULL);
        if (arg == NULL)
                goto try_user;

        if (strcmp(arg, "continue") == 0)
                errors = EXT2_ERRORS_CONTINUE;
        else if (strcmp(arg, "remount-ro") == 0)
                errors = EXT2_ERRORS_RO;
        else if (strcmp(arg, "panic") == 0)
                errors = EXT2_ERRORS_PANIC;
        else {
                com_err(program_name, 0,
                        _("bad error behavior in profile - %s"),
                        arg);
                free(arg);
                return EXT2_ET_INVALID_ARGUMENT;
        }
        free(arg);

try_user:
        if (errors_behavior)
                errors = errors_behavior;

        fs->super->s_errors = errors;
        return 0;
}

int main (int argc, char *argv[])
{
        errcode_t       retval = 0;
        ext2_filsys     fs;
        badblocks_list  bb_list = 0;
        badblocks_iterate       bb_iter;
        blk_t           blk;
        struct ext2fs_journal_params    jparams = {0};
        unsigned int    i, checkinterval;
        int             max_mnt_count;
        int             val, hash_alg;
        int             flags;
        int             old_bitmaps;
        io_manager      io_ptr;
        char            opt_string[40];
        char            *hash_alg_str;
        int             itable_zeroed = 0;
        blk64_t         overhead;

#ifdef ENABLE_NLS
        setlocale(LC_MESSAGES, "");
        setlocale(LC_CTYPE, "");
        bindtextdomain(NLS_CAT_NAME, LOCALEDIR);
        textdomain(NLS_CAT_NAME);
        set_com_err_gettext(gettext);
#endif
        PRS(argc, argv);

#ifdef CONFIG_TESTIO_DEBUG
        if (getenv("TEST_IO_FLAGS") || getenv("TEST_IO_BLOCK")) {
                io_ptr = test_io_manager;
                test_io_backing_manager = default_io_manager;
        } else
#endif
                io_ptr = default_io_manager;

        if (undo_file != NULL || should_do_undo(device_name)) {
                retval = mke2fs_setup_tdb(device_name, &io_ptr);
                if (retval)
                        exit(1);
        }

        /*
         * Initialize the superblock....
         */
        flags = EXT2_FLAG_EXCLUSIVE;
        if (direct_io)
                flags |= EXT2_FLAG_DIRECT_IO;
        profile_get_boolean(profile, "options", "old_bitmaps", 0, 0,
                            &old_bitmaps);
        if (!old_bitmaps)
                flags |= EXT2_FLAG_64BITS;
        /*
         * By default, we print how many inode tables or block groups
         * or whatever we've written so far.  The quiet flag disables
         * this, along with a lot of other output.
         */
        if (!quiet)
                flags |= EXT2_FLAG_PRINT_PROGRESS;
        if (android_sparse_file) {
                char *android_sparse_params = malloc(strlen(device_name) + 48);

                if (!android_sparse_params) {
                        com_err(program_name, ENOMEM, "%s",
                                _("in malloc for android_sparse_params"));
                        exit(1);
                }
                sprintf(android_sparse_params, "(%s):%u:%u",
                         device_name, fs_param.s_blocks_count,
                         1024 << fs_param.s_log_block_size);
                retval = ext2fs_initialize(android_sparse_params, flags,
                                           &fs_param, sparse_io_manager, &fs);
                free(android_sparse_params);
        } else
                retval = ext2fs_initialize(device_name, flags, &fs_param,
                                           io_ptr, &fs);
        if (retval) {
                com_err(device_name, retval, "%s",
                        _("while setting up superblock"));
                exit(1);
        }
        fs->progress_ops = &ext2fs_numeric_progress_ops;

        /* Set the error behavior */
        retval = set_error_behavior(fs);
        if (retval)
                usage();

        /* Check the user's mkfs options for metadata checksumming */
        if (!quiet &&
            !ext2fs_has_feature_journal_dev(fs->super) &&
            ext2fs_has_feature_metadata_csum(fs->super)) {
                if (!ext2fs_has_feature_extents(fs->super))
                        printf("%s",
                               _("Extents are not enabled.  The file extent "
                                 "tree can be checksummed, whereas block maps "
                                 "cannot.  Not enabling extents reduces the "
                                 "coverage of metadata checksumming.  "
                                 "Pass -O extents to rectify.\n"));
                if (!ext2fs_has_feature_64bit(fs->super))
                        printf("%s",
                               _("64-bit filesystem support is not enabled.  "
                                 "The larger fields afforded by this feature "
                                 "enable full-strength checksumming.  "
                                 "Pass -O 64bit to rectify.\n"));
        }

        if (ext2fs_has_feature_csum_seed(fs->super) &&
            !ext2fs_has_feature_metadata_csum(fs->super)) {
                printf("%s", _("The metadata_csum_seed feature "
                               "requires the metadata_csum feature.\n"));
                exit(1);
        }

        /* Calculate journal blocks */
        if (!journal_device && ((journal_size) ||
            ext2fs_has_feature_journal(&fs_param)))
                figure_journal_size(&jparams, journal_size, journal_fc_size, fs);

        sprintf(opt_string, "tdb_data_size=%d", fs->blocksize <= 4096 ?
                32768 : fs->blocksize * 8);
        io_channel_set_options(fs->io, opt_string);
        if (offset) {
                sprintf(opt_string, "offset=%llu", (unsigned long long) offset);
                io_channel_set_options(fs->io, opt_string);
        }

        if (assume_storage_prezeroed) {
                if (verbose)
                        printf("%s",
                               _("Assuming the storage device is prezeroed "
                               "- skipping inode table and journal wipe\n"));

                lazy_itable_init = 1;
                itable_zeroed = 1;
                zero_hugefile = 0;
                journal_flags |= EXT2_MKJOURNAL_LAZYINIT;
        }

        /* Can't undo discard ... */
        if (!noaction && discard && dev_size && (io_ptr != undo_io_manager)) {
                retval = mke2fs_discard_device(fs);
                if (!retval && io_channel_discard_zeroes_data(fs->io)) {
                        if (verbose)
                                printf("%s",
                                       _("Discard succeeded and will return "
                                         "0s - skipping inode table wipe\n"));
                        lazy_itable_init = 1;
                        itable_zeroed = 1;
                        zero_hugefile = 0;
                }
        }

        if (fs_param.s_flags & EXT2_FLAGS_TEST_FILESYS)
                fs->super->s_flags |= EXT2_FLAGS_TEST_FILESYS;

        if (ext2fs_has_feature_flex_bg(&fs_param) ||
            ext2fs_has_feature_huge_file(&fs_param) ||
            ext2fs_has_feature_gdt_csum(&fs_param) ||
            ext2fs_has_feature_dir_nlink(&fs_param) ||
            ext2fs_has_feature_metadata_csum(&fs_param) ||
            ext2fs_has_feature_extra_isize(&fs_param))
                fs->super->s_kbytes_written = 1;

        /*
         * Wipe out the old on-disk superblock
         */
        if (!noaction)
                zap_sector(fs, 2, 6);

        /*
         * Parse or generate a UUID for the filesystem
         */
        if (fs_uuid) {
                if ((strcasecmp(fs_uuid, "null") == 0) ||
                    (strcasecmp(fs_uuid, "clear") == 0)) {
                        uuid_clear(fs->super->s_uuid);
                } else if (strcasecmp(fs_uuid, "time") == 0) {
                        uuid_generate_time(fs->super->s_uuid);
                } else if (strcasecmp(fs_uuid, "random") == 0) {
                        uuid_generate(fs->super->s_uuid);
                } else if (uuid_parse(fs_uuid, fs->super->s_uuid) != 0) {
                        com_err(device_name, 0, "could not parse UUID: %s\n",
                                fs_uuid);
                        exit(1);
                }
        } else
                uuid_generate(fs->super->s_uuid);

        if (ext2fs_has_feature_csum_seed(fs->super))
                fs->super->s_checksum_seed = ext2fs_crc32c_le(~0,
                                fs->super->s_uuid, sizeof(fs->super->s_uuid));

        ext2fs_init_csum_seed(fs);

        /*
         * Initialize the directory index variables
         */
        hash_alg_str = get_string_from_profile(fs_types, "hash_alg",
                                               "half_md4");
        hash_alg = e2p_string2hash(hash_alg_str);
        free(hash_alg_str);
        fs->super->s_def_hash_version = (hash_alg >= 0) ? hash_alg :
                EXT2_HASH_HALF_MD4;

        if (memcmp(fs_param.s_hash_seed, zero_buf,
                sizeof(fs_param.s_hash_seed)) != 0) {
                memcpy(fs->super->s_hash_seed, fs_param.s_hash_seed,
                        sizeof(fs->super->s_hash_seed));
        } else
                uuid_generate((unsigned char *) fs->super->s_hash_seed);

        /*
         * Periodic checks can be enabled/disabled via config file.
         * Note we override the kernel include file's idea of what the default
         * check interval (never) should be.  It's a good idea to check at
         * least *occasionally*, specially since servers will never rarely get
         * to reboot, since Linux is so robust these days.  :-)
         *
         * 180 days (six months) seems like a good value.
         */
#ifdef EXT2_DFL_CHECKINTERVAL
#undef EXT2_DFL_CHECKINTERVAL
#endif
#define EXT2_DFL_CHECKINTERVAL (86400L * 180L)

        if (get_bool_from_profile(fs_types, "enable_periodic_fsck", 0)) {
                fs->super->s_checkinterval = EXT2_DFL_CHECKINTERVAL;
                fs->super->s_max_mnt_count = EXT2_DFL_MAX_MNT_COUNT;
                /*
                 * Add "jitter" to the superblock's check interval so that we
                 * don't check all the filesystems at the same time.  We use a
                 * kludgy hack of using the UUID to derive a random jitter value
                 */
                for (i = 0, val = 0 ; i < sizeof(fs->super->s_uuid); i++)
                        val += fs->super->s_uuid[i];
                fs->super->s_max_mnt_count += val % EXT2_DFL_MAX_MNT_COUNT;
        } else
                fs->super->s_max_mnt_count = -1;

        /*
         * Override the creator OS, if applicable
         */
        if (creator_os && !set_os(fs->super, creator_os)) {
                com_err (program_name, 0, _("unknown os - %s"), creator_os);
                exit(1);
        }

        /*
         * For the Hurd, we will turn off filetype since it doesn't
         * support it.
         */
        if (fs->super->s_creator_os == EXT2_OS_HURD)
                ext2fs_clear_feature_filetype(fs->super);

        /*
         * Set the volume label...
         */
        if (volume_label) {
                memset(fs->super->s_volume_name, 0,
                       sizeof(fs->super->s_volume_name));
                strncpy((char *) fs->super->s_volume_name, volume_label,
                        sizeof(fs->super->s_volume_name));
        }

        /*
         * Set the last mount directory
         */
        if (mount_dir) {
                memset(fs->super->s_last_mounted, 0,
                       sizeof(fs->super->s_last_mounted));
                strncpy((char *) fs->super->s_last_mounted, mount_dir,
                        sizeof(fs->super->s_last_mounted));
        }

        /* Set current default encryption algorithms for data and
         * filename encryption */
        if (ext2fs_has_feature_encrypt(fs->super)) {
                fs->super->s_encrypt_algos[0] =
                        EXT4_ENCRYPTION_MODE_AES_256_XTS;
                fs->super->s_encrypt_algos[1] =
                        EXT4_ENCRYPTION_MODE_AES_256_CTS;
        }

        if (ext2fs_has_feature_metadata_csum(fs->super))
                fs->super->s_checksum_type = EXT2_CRC32C_CHKSUM;

        if (!quiet || noaction)
                show_stats(fs);

        if (noaction)
                exit(0);

        if (ext2fs_has_feature_journal_dev(fs->super)) {
                create_journal_dev(fs);
                printf("\n");
                exit(ext2fs_close_free(&fs) ? 1 : 0);
        }

        if (bad_blocks_filename)
                read_bb_file(fs, &bb_list, bad_blocks_filename);
        if (cflag)
                test_disk(fs, &bb_list);
        handle_bad_blocks(fs, bb_list);

        fs->stride = fs_stride = fs->super->s_raid_stride;
        if (!quiet)
                printf("%s", _("Allocating group tables: "));
        if (ext2fs_has_feature_flex_bg(fs->super) &&
            packed_meta_blocks)
                retval = packed_allocate_tables(fs);
        else
                retval = ext2fs_allocate_tables(fs);
        if (retval) {
                com_err(program_name, retval, "%s",
                        _("while trying to allocate filesystem tables"));
                exit(1);
        }
        if (!quiet)
                printf("%s", _("done                            \n"));

        /*
         * Unmark bad blocks to calculate overhead, because metadata
         * blocks and bad blocks can land on the same allocation cluster.
         */
        if (bb_list) {
                retval = ext2fs_badblocks_list_iterate_begin(bb_list,
                                                             &bb_iter);
                if (retval) {
                        com_err("ext2fs_badblocks_list_iterate_begin", retval,
                                "%s", _("while unmarking bad blocks"));
                        exit(1);
                }
                while (ext2fs_badblocks_list_iterate(bb_iter, &blk))
                        ext2fs_unmark_block_bitmap2(fs->block_map, blk);
                ext2fs_badblocks_list_iterate_end(bb_iter);
        }

        retval = ext2fs_convert_subcluster_bitmap(fs, &fs->block_map);
        if (retval) {
                com_err(program_name, retval, "%s",
                        _("\n\twhile converting subcluster bitmap"));
                exit(1);
        }

        retval = ext2fs_count_used_clusters(fs, fs->super->s_first_data_block,
                                        ext2fs_blocks_count(fs->super) - 1,
                                        &overhead);
        if (retval) {
                com_err(program_name, retval, "%s",
                        _("while calculating overhead"));
                exit(1);
        }

        if (bb_list) {
                retval = ext2fs_badblocks_list_iterate_begin(bb_list,
                                                             &bb_iter);
                if (retval) {
                        com_err("ext2fs_badblocks_list_iterate_begin", retval,
                                "%s", _("while marking bad blocks as used"));
                        exit(1);
                }
                while (ext2fs_badblocks_list_iterate(bb_iter, &blk))
                        ext2fs_mark_block_bitmap2(fs->block_map, blk);
                ext2fs_badblocks_list_iterate_end(bb_iter);
        }

        if (super_only) {
                check_plausibility(device_name, CHECK_FS_EXIST, NULL);
                printf(_("%s may be further corrupted by superblock rewrite\n"),
                       device_name);
                if (!force)
                        proceed_question(proceed_delay);
                fs->super->s_state |= EXT2_ERROR_FS;
                fs->flags &= ~(EXT2_FLAG_IB_DIRTY|EXT2_FLAG_BB_DIRTY);
                /*
                 * The command "mke2fs -S" is used to recover
                 * corrupted file systems, so do not mark any of the
                 * inodes as unused; we want e2fsck to consider all
                 * inodes as potentially containing recoverable data.
                 */
                if (ext2fs_has_group_desc_csum(fs)) {
                        for (i = 0; i < fs->group_desc_count; i++)
                                ext2fs_bg_itable_unused_set(fs, i, 0);
                }
        } else {
                /* rsv must be a power of two (64kB is MD RAID sb alignment) */
                blk64_t rsv = 65536 / fs->blocksize;
                blk64_t blocks = ext2fs_blocks_count(fs->super);
                blk64_t start;
                blk64_t ret_blk;

#ifdef ZAP_BOOTBLOCK
                zap_sector(fs, 0, 2);
#endif

                /*
                 * Wipe out any old MD RAID (or other) metadata at the end
                 * of the device.  This will also verify that the device is
                 * as large as we think.  Be careful with very small devices.
                 */
                start = (blocks & ~(rsv - 1));
                if (start > rsv)
                        start -= rsv;
                if (start > 0)
                        retval = ext2fs_zero_blocks2(fs, start, blocks - start,
                                                    &ret_blk, NULL);

                if (retval) {
                        com_err(program_name, retval,
                                _("while zeroing block %llu at end of filesystem"),
                                (unsigned long long) ret_blk);
                }
                write_inode_tables(fs, lazy_itable_init, itable_zeroed);
                create_root_dir(fs);
                create_lost_and_found(fs);
                reserve_inodes(fs);
                create_bad_block_inode(fs, bb_list);
                if (ext2fs_has_feature_resize_inode(fs->super)) {
                        retval = ext2fs_create_resize_inode(fs);
                        if (retval) {
                                com_err("ext2fs_create_resize_inode", retval,
                                        "%s",
                                _("while reserving blocks for online resize"));
                                exit(1);
                        }
                }
        }

        if (journal_device) {
                ext2_filsys     jfs;

                if (!check_plausibility(journal_device, CHECK_BLOCK_DEV,
                                        NULL) && !force)
                        proceed_question(proceed_delay);
                check_mount(journal_device, force, _("journal"));

                retval = ext2fs_open(journal_device, EXT2_FLAG_RW|
                                     EXT2_FLAG_JOURNAL_DEV_OK, 0,
                                     fs->blocksize, default_io_manager, &jfs);
                if (retval) {
                        com_err(program_name, retval,
                                _("while trying to open journal device %s\n"),
                                journal_device);
                        exit(1);
                }
                if (!quiet) {
                        printf(_("Adding journal to device %s: "),
                               journal_device);
                        fflush(stdout);
                }
                retval = ext2fs_add_journal_device(fs, jfs);
                if(retval) {
                        com_err (program_name, retval,
                                 _("\n\twhile trying to add journal to device %s"),
                                 journal_device);
                        exit(1);
                }
                if (!quiet)
                        printf("%s", _("done\n"));
                ext2fs_close_free(&jfs);
                free(journal_device);
        } else if ((journal_size) ||
                   ext2fs_has_feature_journal(&fs_param)) {
                overhead += EXT2FS_NUM_B2C(fs, jparams.num_journal_blocks + jparams.num_fc_blocks);
                if (super_only) {
                        printf("%s", _("Skipping journal creation in super-only mode\n"));
                        fs->super->s_journal_inum = EXT2_JOURNAL_INO;
                        goto no_journal;
                }

                if (!jparams.num_journal_blocks) {
                        ext2fs_clear_feature_journal(fs->super);
                        ext2fs_clear_feature_orphan_file(fs->super);
                        ext2fs_clear_feature_journal(&fs_param);
                        ext2fs_clear_feature_orphan_file(&fs_param);
                        goto no_journal;
                }
                if (!quiet) {
                        printf(_("Creating journal (%u blocks): "),
                               jparams.num_journal_blocks + jparams.num_fc_blocks);
                        fflush(stdout);
                }
                retval = ext2fs_add_journal_inode3(fs, &jparams,
                                                   journal_location,
                                                   journal_flags);
                if (retval) {
                        com_err(program_name, retval, "%s",
                                _("\n\twhile trying to create journal"));
                        exit(1);
                }
                if (!quiet)
                        printf("%s", _("done\n"));
        }
no_journal:
        if (!super_only &&
            ext2fs_has_feature_mmp(fs->super)) {
                retval = ext2fs_mmp_init(fs);
                if (retval) {
                        fprintf(stderr, "%s",
                                _("\nError while enabling multiple "
                                  "mount protection feature."));
                        exit(1);
                }
                if (!quiet)
                        printf(_("Multiple mount protection is enabled "
                                 "with update interval %d seconds.\n"),
                               fs->super->s_mmp_update_interval);
        }

        overhead += fs->super->s_first_data_block;
        if (!super_only)
                fs->super->s_overhead_clusters = overhead;

        if (ext2fs_has_feature_bigalloc(&fs_param))
                fix_cluster_bg_counts(fs);
        if (ext2fs_has_feature_quota(&fs_param))
                create_quota_inodes(fs);
        if (ext2fs_has_feature_orphan_file(&fs_param)) {
                if (!ext2fs_has_feature_journal(&fs_param)) {
                        com_err(program_name, 0, _("cannot set orphan_file "
                                "feature without a journal."));
                        exit(1);
                }
                if (!orphan_file_blocks) {
                        orphan_file_blocks =
                                ext2fs_default_orphan_file_blocks(fs);
                }
                retval = ext2fs_create_orphan_file(fs, orphan_file_blocks);
                if (retval) {
                        com_err(program_name, retval,
                                _("while creating orphan file"));
                        exit(1);
                }
        }

        retval = mk_hugefiles(fs, device_name);
        if (retval)
                com_err(program_name, retval, "while creating huge files");
        /* Copy files from the specified directory */
        if (src_root_dir) {
                if (!quiet)
                        printf("%s", _("Copying files into the device: "));

                retval = populate_fs(fs, EXT2_ROOT_INO, src_root_dir,
                                     EXT2_ROOT_INO);
                if (retval) {
                        com_err(program_name, retval, "%s",
                                _("while populating file system"));
                        exit(1);
                } else if (!quiet)
                        printf("%s", _("done\n"));
        }

        if (!quiet)
                printf("%s", _("Writing superblocks and "
                       "filesystem accounting information: "));
        checkinterval = fs->super->s_checkinterval;
        max_mnt_count = fs->super->s_max_mnt_count;
        retval = ext2fs_close_free(&fs);
        if (retval) {
                com_err(program_name, retval, "%s",
                        _("while writing out and closing file system"));
                retval = 1;
        } else if (!quiet) {
                printf("%s", _("done\n\n"));
                if (!getenv("MKE2FS_SKIP_CHECK_MSG"))
                        print_check_message(max_mnt_count, checkinterval);
        }

        remove_error_table(&et_ext2_error_table);
        remove_error_table(&et_prof_error_table);
        profile_release(profile);
        for (i=0; fs_types[i]; i++)
                free(fs_types[i]);
        free(fs_types);
        return retval;
}