Document PPL in man md

[thirdparty/mdadm.git] / util.c

/*
 * mdadm - manage Linux "md" devices aka RAID arrays.
 *
 * Copyright (C) 2001-2013 Neil Brown <neilb@suse.de>
 *
 *
 *    This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
 *    it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
 *    the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or
 *    (at your option) any later version.
 *
 *    This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
 *    but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
 *    MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
 *    GNU General Public License for more details.
 *
 *    You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
 *    along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
 *    Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA  02111-1307  USA
 *
 *    Author: Neil Brown
 *    Email: <neilb@suse.de>
 */

#include        "mdadm.h"
#include        "md_p.h"
#include        <sys/socket.h>
#include        <sys/utsname.h>
#include        <sys/wait.h>
#include        <sys/un.h>
#include        <sys/resource.h>
#include        <sys/vfs.h>
#include        <sys/mman.h>
#include        <linux/magic.h>
#include        <poll.h>
#include        <ctype.h>
#include        <dirent.h>
#include        <signal.h>
#include        <dlfcn.h>


/*
 * following taken from linux/blkpg.h because they aren't
 * anywhere else and it isn't safe to #include linux/ * stuff.
 */

#define BLKPG      _IO(0x12,105)

/* The argument structure */
struct blkpg_ioctl_arg {
        int op;
        int flags;
        int datalen;
        void *data;
};

/* The subfunctions (for the op field) */
#define BLKPG_ADD_PARTITION     1
#define BLKPG_DEL_PARTITION     2

/* Sizes of name fields. Unused at present. */
#define BLKPG_DEVNAMELTH        64
#define BLKPG_VOLNAMELTH        64

/* The data structure for ADD_PARTITION and DEL_PARTITION */
struct blkpg_partition {
        long long start;                /* starting offset in bytes */
        long long length;               /* length in bytes */
        int pno;                        /* partition number */
        char devname[BLKPG_DEVNAMELTH]; /* partition name, like sda5 or c0d1p2,
                                           to be used in kernel messages */
        char volname[BLKPG_VOLNAMELTH]; /* volume label */
};

#include "part.h"

/* Force a compilation error if condition is true */
#define BUILD_BUG_ON(condition) ((void)BUILD_BUG_ON_ZERO(condition))

/* Force a compilation error if condition is true, but also produce a
   result (of value 0 and type size_t), so the expression can be used
   e.g. in a structure initializer (or where-ever else comma expressions
   aren't permitted). */
#define BUILD_BUG_ON_ZERO(e) (sizeof(struct { int:-!!(e); }))

static int is_dlm_hooks_ready = 0;

int dlm_funs_ready(void)
{
        return is_dlm_hooks_ready ? 1 : 0;
}

static struct dlm_hooks *dlm_hooks = NULL;
struct dlm_lock_resource *dlm_lock_res = NULL;
static int ast_called = 0;

struct dlm_lock_resource {
        dlm_lshandle_t *ls;
        struct dlm_lksb lksb;
};

/* Using poll(2) to wait for and dispatch ASTs */
static int poll_for_ast(dlm_lshandle_t ls)
{
        struct pollfd pfd;

        pfd.fd = dlm_hooks->ls_get_fd(ls);
        pfd.events = POLLIN;

        while (!ast_called)
        {
                if (poll(&pfd, 1, 0) < 0)
                {
                        perror("poll");
                        return -1;
                }
                dlm_hooks->dispatch(dlm_hooks->ls_get_fd(ls));
        }
        ast_called = 0;

        return 0;
}

static void dlm_ast(void *arg)
{
        ast_called = 1;
}

static char *cluster_name = NULL;
/* Create the lockspace, take bitmapXXX locks on all the bitmaps. */
int cluster_get_dlmlock(void)
{
        int ret = -1;
        char str[64];
        int flags = LKF_NOQUEUE;
        int retry_count = 0;

        if (!dlm_funs_ready()) {
                pr_err("Something wrong with dlm library\n");
                return -1;
        }

        ret = get_cluster_name(&cluster_name);
        if (ret) {
                pr_err("The md can't get cluster name\n");
                return -1;
        }

        dlm_lock_res = xmalloc(sizeof(struct dlm_lock_resource));
        dlm_lock_res->ls = dlm_hooks->open_lockspace(cluster_name);
        if (!dlm_lock_res->ls) {
                dlm_lock_res->ls = dlm_hooks->create_lockspace(cluster_name, O_RDWR);
                if (!dlm_lock_res->ls) {
                        pr_err("%s failed to create lockspace\n", cluster_name);
                        return -ENOMEM;
                }
        } else {
                pr_err("open existed %s lockspace\n", cluster_name);
        }

        snprintf(str, 64, "bitmap%s", cluster_name);
retry:
        ret = dlm_hooks->ls_lock(dlm_lock_res->ls, LKM_PWMODE,
                                 &dlm_lock_res->lksb, flags, str, strlen(str),
                                 0, dlm_ast, dlm_lock_res, NULL, NULL);
        if (ret) {
                pr_err("error %d when get PW mode on lock %s\n", errno, str);
                /* let's try several times if EAGAIN happened */
                if (dlm_lock_res->lksb.sb_status == EAGAIN && retry_count < 10) {
                        sleep(10);
                        retry_count++;
                        goto retry;
                }
                dlm_hooks->release_lockspace(cluster_name, dlm_lock_res->ls, 1);
                return ret;
        }

        /* Wait for it to complete */
        poll_for_ast(dlm_lock_res->ls);

        if (dlm_lock_res->lksb.sb_status) {
                pr_err("failed to lock cluster\n");
                return -1;
        }
        return 1;
}

int cluster_release_dlmlock(void)
{
        int ret = -1;

        if (!cluster_name)
                goto out;

        if (!dlm_lock_res->lksb.sb_lkid)
                goto out;

        ret = dlm_hooks->ls_unlock_wait(dlm_lock_res->ls,
                                        dlm_lock_res->lksb.sb_lkid, 0,
                                        &dlm_lock_res->lksb);
        if (ret) {
                pr_err("error %d happened when unlock\n", errno);
                /* XXX make sure the lock is unlocked eventually */
                goto out;
        }

        /* Wait for it to complete */
        poll_for_ast(dlm_lock_res->ls);

        errno = dlm_lock_res->lksb.sb_status;
        if (errno != EUNLOCK) {
                pr_err("error %d happened in ast when unlock lockspace\n",
                       errno);
                /* XXX make sure the lockspace is unlocked eventually */
                goto out;
        }

        ret = dlm_hooks->release_lockspace(cluster_name, dlm_lock_res->ls, 1);
        if (ret) {
                pr_err("error %d happened when release lockspace\n", errno);
                /* XXX make sure the lockspace is released eventually */
                goto out;
        }
        free(dlm_lock_res);

out:
        return ret;
}

int md_array_valid(int fd)
{
        struct mdinfo *sra;
        int ret;

        sra = sysfs_read(fd, NULL, GET_ARRAY_STATE);
        if (sra) {
                if (sra->array_state != ARRAY_UNKNOWN_STATE)
                        ret = 0;
                else
                        ret = -ENODEV;

                free(sra);
        } else {
                /*
                 * GET_ARRAY_INFO doesn't provide access to the proper state
                 * information, so fallback to a basic check for raid_disks != 0
                 */
                ret = ioctl(fd, RAID_VERSION);
        }

        return !ret;
}

int md_array_active(int fd)
{
        struct mdinfo *sra;
        struct mdu_array_info_s array;
        int ret = 0;

        sra = sysfs_read(fd, NULL, GET_ARRAY_STATE);
        if (sra) {
                if (!md_array_is_active(sra))
                        ret = -ENODEV;

                free(sra);
        } else {
                /*
                 * GET_ARRAY_INFO doesn't provide access to the proper state
                 * information, so fallback to a basic check for raid_disks != 0
                 */
                ret = ioctl(fd, GET_ARRAY_INFO, &array);
        }

        return !ret;
}

int md_array_is_active(struct mdinfo *info)
{
        return (info->array_state != ARRAY_CLEAR &&
                info->array_state != ARRAY_INACTIVE &&
                info->array_state != ARRAY_UNKNOWN_STATE);
}

/*
 * Get array info from the kernel. Longer term we want to deprecate the
 * ioctl and get it from sysfs.
 */
int md_get_array_info(int fd, struct mdu_array_info_s *array)
{
        return ioctl(fd, GET_ARRAY_INFO, array);
}

/*
 * Set array info
 */
int md_set_array_info(int fd, struct mdu_array_info_s *array)
{
        return ioctl(fd, SET_ARRAY_INFO, array);
}

/*
 * Get disk info from the kernel.
 */
int md_get_disk_info(int fd, struct mdu_disk_info_s *disk)
{
        return ioctl(fd, GET_DISK_INFO, disk);
}

int get_linux_version()
{
        struct utsname name;
        char *cp;
        int a = 0, b = 0,c = 0;
        if (uname(&name) <0)
                return -1;

        cp = name.release;
        a = strtoul(cp, &cp, 10);
        if (*cp == '.')
                b = strtoul(cp+1, &cp, 10);
        if (*cp == '.')
                c = strtoul(cp+1, &cp, 10);

        return (a*1000000)+(b*1000)+c;
}

int mdadm_version(char *version)
{
        int a, b, c;
        char *cp;

        if (!version)
                version = Version;

        cp = strchr(version, '-');
        if (!cp || *(cp+1) != ' ' || *(cp+2) != 'v')
                return -1;
        cp += 3;
        a = strtoul(cp, &cp, 10);
        if (*cp != '.')
                return -1;
        b = strtoul(cp+1, &cp, 10);
        if (*cp == '.')
                c = strtoul(cp+1, &cp, 10);
        else
                c = 0;
        if (*cp != ' ' && *cp != '-')
                return -1;
        return (a*1000000)+(b*1000)+c;
}

unsigned long long parse_size(char *size)
{
        /* parse 'size' which should be a number optionally
         * followed by 'K', 'M'. 'G' or 'T'.
         * Without a suffix, K is assumed.
         * Number returned is in sectors (half-K)
         * INVALID_SECTORS returned on error.
         */
        char *c;
        long long s = strtoll(size, &c, 10);
        if (s > 0) {
                switch (*c) {
                case 'K':
                        c++;
                default:
                        s *= 2;
                        break;
                case 'M':
                        c++;
                        s *= 1024 * 2;
                        break;
                case 'G':
                        c++;
                        s *= 1024 * 1024 * 2;
                        break;
                case 'T':
                        c++;
                        s *= 1024 * 1024 * 1024 * 2LL;
                        break;
                case 's': /* sectors */
                        c++;
                        break;
                }
        } else
                s = INVALID_SECTORS;
        if (*c)
                s = INVALID_SECTORS;
        return s;
}

int is_near_layout_10(int layout)
{
        int fc, fo;

        fc = (layout >> 8) & 255;
        fo = layout & (1 << 16);
        if (fc > 1 || fo > 0)
                return 0;
        return 1;
}

int parse_layout_10(char *layout)
{
        int copies, rv;
        char *cp;
        /* Parse the layout string for raid10 */
        /* 'f', 'o' or 'n' followed by a number <= raid_disks */
        if ((layout[0] !=  'n' && layout[0] != 'f' && layout[0] != 'o') ||
            (copies = strtoul(layout+1, &cp, 10)) < 1 ||
            copies > 200 ||
            *cp)
                return -1;
        if (layout[0] == 'n')
                rv = 256 + copies;
        else if (layout[0] == 'o')
                rv = 0x10000 + (copies<<8) + 1;
        else
                rv = 1 + (copies<<8);
        return rv;
}

int parse_layout_faulty(char *layout)
{
        /* Parse the layout string for 'faulty' */
        int ln = strcspn(layout, "0123456789");
        char *m = xstrdup(layout);
        int mode;
        m[ln] = 0;
        mode = map_name(faultylayout, m);
        if (mode == UnSet)
                return -1;

        return mode | (atoi(layout+ln)<< ModeShift);
}

long parse_num(char *num)
{
        /* Either return a valid number, or -1 */
        char *c;
        long rv = strtol(num, &c, 10);
        if (rv < 0 || *c || !num[0])
                return -1;
        else
                return rv;
}

int parse_cluster_confirm_arg(char *input, char **devname, int *slot)
{
        char *dev;
        *slot = strtoul(input, &dev, 10);
        if (dev == input || dev[0] != ':')
                return -1;
        *devname = dev+1;
        return 0;
}

void remove_partitions(int fd)
{
        /* remove partitions from this block devices.
         * This is used for components added to an array
         */
#ifdef BLKPG_DEL_PARTITION
        struct blkpg_ioctl_arg a;
        struct blkpg_partition p;

        a.op = BLKPG_DEL_PARTITION;
        a.data = (void*)&p;
        a.datalen = sizeof(p);
        a.flags = 0;
        memset(a.data, 0, a.datalen);
        for (p.pno = 0; p.pno < 16; p.pno++)
                ioctl(fd, BLKPG, &a);
#endif
}

int test_partition(int fd)
{
        /* Check if fd is a whole-disk or a partition.
         * BLKPG will return EINVAL on a partition, and BLKPG_DEL_PARTITION
         * will return ENXIO on an invalid partition number.
         */
        struct blkpg_ioctl_arg a;
        struct blkpg_partition p;
        a.op = BLKPG_DEL_PARTITION;
        a.data = (void*)&p;
        a.datalen = sizeof(p);
        a.flags = 0;
        memset(a.data, 0, a.datalen);
        p.pno = 1<<30;
        if (ioctl(fd, BLKPG, &a) == 0)
                /* Very unlikely, but not a partition */
                return 0;
        if (errno == ENXIO || errno == ENOTTY)
                /* not a partition */
                return 0;

        return 1;
}

int test_partition_from_id(dev_t id)
{
        char buf[20];
        int fd, rv;

        sprintf(buf, "%d:%d", major(id), minor(id));
        fd = dev_open(buf, O_RDONLY);
        if (fd < 0)
                return -1;
        rv = test_partition(fd);
        close(fd);
        return rv;
}

int enough(int level, int raid_disks, int layout, int clean, char *avail)
{
        int copies, first;
        int i;
        int avail_disks = 0;

        for (i = 0; i < raid_disks; i++)
                avail_disks += !!avail[i];

        switch (level) {
        case 10:
                /* This is the tricky one - we need to check
                 * which actual disks are present.
                 */
                copies = (layout&255)* ((layout>>8) & 255);
                first = 0;
                do {
                        /* there must be one of the 'copies' form 'first' */
                        int n = copies;
                        int cnt = 0;
                        int this = first;
                        while (n--) {
                                if (avail[this])
                                        cnt++;
                                this = (this+1) % raid_disks;
                        }
                        if (cnt == 0)
                                return 0;
                        first = (first+(layout&255)) % raid_disks;
                } while (first != 0);
                return 1;

        case LEVEL_MULTIPATH:
                return avail_disks>= 1;
        case LEVEL_LINEAR:
        case 0:
                return avail_disks == raid_disks;
        case 1:
                return avail_disks >= 1;
        case 4:
                if (avail_disks == raid_disks - 1 &&
                    !avail[raid_disks - 1])
                        /* If just the parity device is missing, then we
                         * have enough, even if not clean
                         */
                        return 1;
                /* FALL THROUGH */
        case 5:
                if (clean)
                        return avail_disks >= raid_disks-1;
                else
                        return avail_disks >= raid_disks;
        case 6:
                if (clean)
                        return avail_disks >= raid_disks-2;
                else
                        return avail_disks >= raid_disks;
        default:
                return 0;
        }
}

char *__fname_from_uuid(int id[4], int swap, char *buf, char sep)
{
        int i, j;
        char uuid[16];
        char *c = buf;
        strcpy(c, "UUID-");
        c += strlen(c);
        copy_uuid(uuid, id, swap);
        for (i = 0; i < 4; i++) {
                if (i)
                        *c++ = sep;
                for (j = 3; j >= 0; j--) {
                        sprintf(c,"%02x", (unsigned char) uuid[j+4*i]);
                        c+= 2;
                }
        }
        return buf;

}

char *fname_from_uuid(struct supertype *st, struct mdinfo *info,
                      char *buf, char sep)
{
        // dirty hack to work around an issue with super1 superblocks...
        // super1 superblocks need swapuuid set in order for assembly to
        // work, but can't have it set if we want this printout to match
        // all the other uuid printouts in super1.c, so we force swapuuid
        // to 1 to make our printout match the rest of super1
#if __BYTE_ORDER == BIG_ENDIAN
        return __fname_from_uuid(info->uuid, 1, buf, sep);
#else
        return __fname_from_uuid(info->uuid, (st->ss == &super1) ? 1 :
                                 st->ss->swapuuid, buf, sep);
#endif
}

int check_ext2(int fd, char *name)
{
        /*
         * Check for an ext2fs file system.
         * Superblock is always 1K at 1K offset
         *
         * s_magic is le16 at 56 == 0xEF53
         * report mtime - le32 at 44
         * blocks - le32 at 4
         * logblksize - le32 at 24
         */
        unsigned char sb[1024];
        time_t mtime;
        unsigned long long size;
        int bsize;
        if (lseek(fd, 1024,0)!= 1024)
                return 0;
        if (read(fd, sb, 1024)!= 1024)
                return 0;
        if (sb[56] != 0x53 || sb[57] != 0xef)
                return 0;

        mtime = sb[44]|(sb[45]|(sb[46]|sb[47]<<8)<<8)<<8;
        bsize = sb[24]|(sb[25]|(sb[26]|sb[27]<<8)<<8)<<8;
        size = sb[4]|(sb[5]|(sb[6]|sb[7]<<8)<<8)<<8;
        size <<= bsize;
        pr_err("%s appears to contain an ext2fs file system\n",
                name);
        cont_err("size=%lluK  mtime=%s", size, ctime(&mtime));
        return 1;
}

int check_reiser(int fd, char *name)
{
        /*
         * superblock is at 64K
         * size is 1024;
         * Magic string "ReIsErFs" or "ReIsEr2Fs" at 52
         *
         */
        unsigned char sb[1024];
        unsigned long long size;
        if (lseek(fd, 64*1024, 0) != 64*1024)
                return 0;
        if (read(fd, sb, 1024) != 1024)
                return 0;
        if (strncmp((char*)sb+52, "ReIsErFs",8) != 0 &&
            strncmp((char*)sb+52, "ReIsEr2Fs",9) != 0)
                return 0;
        pr_err("%s appears to contain a reiserfs file system\n",name);
        size = sb[0]|(sb[1]|(sb[2]|sb[3]<<8)<<8)<<8;
        cont_err("size = %lluK\n", size*4);

        return 1;
}

int check_raid(int fd, char *name)
{
        struct mdinfo info;
        time_t crtime;
        char *level;
        struct supertype *st = guess_super(fd);

        if (!st)
                return 0;
        if (st->ss->add_to_super != NULL) {
                st->ss->load_super(st, fd, name);
                /* Looks like a raid array .. */
                pr_err("%s appears to be part of a raid array:\n", name);
                st->ss->getinfo_super(st, &info, NULL);
                st->ss->free_super(st);
                crtime = info.array.ctime;
                level = map_num(pers, info.array.level);
                if (!level)
                        level = "-unknown-";
                cont_err("level=%s devices=%d ctime=%s",
                        level, info.array.raid_disks, ctime(&crtime));
        } else {
                /* Looks like GPT or MBR */
                pr_err("partition table exists on %s\n", name);
        }
        return 1;
}

int fstat_is_blkdev(int fd, char *devname, dev_t *rdev)
{
        struct stat stb;

        if (fstat(fd, &stb) != 0) {
                pr_err("fstat failed for %s: %s\n", devname, strerror(errno));
                return 0;
        }
        if ((S_IFMT & stb.st_mode) != S_IFBLK) {
                pr_err("%s is not a block device.\n", devname);
                return 0;
        }
        if (rdev)
                *rdev = stb.st_rdev;
        return 1;
}

int stat_is_blkdev(char *devname, dev_t *rdev)
{
        struct stat stb;

        if (stat(devname, &stb) != 0) {
                pr_err("stat failed for %s: %s\n", devname, strerror(errno));
                return 0;
        }
        if ((S_IFMT & stb.st_mode) != S_IFBLK) {
                pr_err("%s is not a block device.\n", devname);
                return 0;
        }
        if (rdev)
                *rdev = stb.st_rdev;
        return 1;
}

int ask(char *mesg)
{
        char *add = "";
        int i;
        for (i = 0; i < 5; i++) {
                char buf[100];
                fprintf(stderr, "%s%s", mesg, add);
                fflush(stderr);
                if (fgets(buf, 100, stdin)==NULL)
                        return 0;
                if (buf[0]=='y' || buf[0]=='Y')
                        return 1;
                if (buf[0]=='n' || buf[0]=='N')
                        return 0;
                add = "(y/n) ";
        }
        pr_err("assuming 'no'\n");
        return 0;
}

int is_standard(char *dev, int *nump)
{
        /* tests if dev is a "standard" md dev name.
         * i.e if the last component is "/dNN" or "/mdNN",
         * where NN is a string of digits
         * Returns 1 if a partitionable standard,
         *   -1 if non-partitonable,
         *   0 if not a standard name.
         */
        char *d = strrchr(dev, '/');
        int type = 0;
        int num;
        if (!d)
                return 0;
        if (strncmp(d, "/d",2) == 0)
                d += 2, type = 1; /* /dev/md/dN{pM} */
        else if (strncmp(d, "/md_d", 5) == 0)
                d += 5, type = 1; /* /dev/md_dN{pM} */
        else if (strncmp(d, "/md", 3) == 0)
                d += 3, type = -1; /* /dev/mdN */
        else if (d-dev > 3 && strncmp(d-2, "md/", 3) == 0)
                d += 1, type = -1; /* /dev/md/N */
        else
                return 0;
        if (!*d)
                return 0;
        num = atoi(d);
        while (isdigit(*d))
                d++;
        if (*d)
                return 0;
        if (nump) *nump = num;

        return type;
}

unsigned long calc_csum(void *super, int bytes)
{
        unsigned long long newcsum = 0;
        int i;
        unsigned int csum;
        unsigned int *superc = (unsigned int*) super;

        for(i = 0; i < bytes/4; i++)
                newcsum += superc[i];
        csum = (newcsum& 0xffffffff) + (newcsum>>32);
#ifdef __alpha__
/* The in-kernel checksum calculation is always 16bit on
 * the alpha, though it is 32 bit on i386...
 * I wonder what it is elsewhere... (it uses an API in
 * a way that it shouldn't).
 */
        csum = (csum & 0xffff) + (csum >> 16);
        csum = (csum & 0xffff) + (csum >> 16);
#endif
        return csum;
}

char *human_size(long long bytes)
{
        static char buf[47];

        /* We convert bytes to either centi-M{ega,ibi}bytes,
         * centi-G{igi,ibi}bytes or centi-T{era,ebi}bytes
         * with appropriate rounding, and then print
         * 1/100th of those as a decimal.
         * We allow upto 2048Megabytes before converting to
         * gigabytes and 2048Gigabytes before converting to
         * terabytes, as that shows more precision and isn't
         * too large a number.
         */

        if (bytes < 5000*1024)
                buf[0] = 0;
        else if (bytes < 2*1024LL*1024LL*1024LL) {
                long cMiB = (bytes * 200LL / (1LL<<20) + 1) / 2;
                long cMB  = (bytes / ( 1000000LL / 200LL ) +1) /2;
                snprintf(buf, sizeof(buf), " (%ld.%02ld MiB %ld.%02ld MB)",
                        cMiB/100, cMiB % 100, cMB/100, cMB % 100);
        } else if (bytes < 2*1024LL*1024LL*1024LL*1024LL) {
                long cGiB = (bytes * 200LL / (1LL<<30) +1) / 2;
                long cGB  = (bytes / (1000000000LL/200LL ) +1) /2;
                snprintf(buf, sizeof(buf), " (%ld.%02ld GiB %ld.%02ld GB)",
                        cGiB/100, cGiB % 100, cGB/100, cGB % 100);
        } else {
                long cTiB = (bytes * 200LL / (1LL<<40) + 1) / 2;
                long cTB  = (bytes / (1000000000000LL / 200LL) + 1) / 2;
                snprintf(buf, sizeof(buf), " (%ld.%02ld TiB %ld.%02ld TB)",
                        cTiB/100, cTiB % 100, cTB/100, cTB % 100);
        }
        return buf;
}

char *human_size_brief(long long bytes, int prefix)
{
        static char buf[30];

        /* We convert bytes to either centi-M{ega,ibi}bytes,
         * centi-G{igi,ibi}bytes or centi-T{era,ebi}bytes
         * with appropriate rounding, and then print
         * 1/100th of those as a decimal.
         * We allow upto 2048Megabytes before converting to
         * gigabytes and 2048Gigabytes before converting to
         * terabytes, as that shows more precision and isn't
         * too large a number.
         *
         * If prefix == IEC, we mean prefixes like kibi,mebi,gibi etc.
         * If prefix == JEDEC, we mean prefixes like kilo,mega,giga etc.
         */

        if (bytes < 5000*1024)
                buf[0] = 0;
        else if (prefix == IEC) {
                if (bytes < 2*1024LL*1024LL*1024LL) {
                        long cMiB = (bytes * 200LL / (1LL<<20) +1) /2;
                        snprintf(buf, sizeof(buf), "%ld.%02ldMiB",
                                 cMiB/100, cMiB % 100);
                } else if (bytes < 2*1024LL*1024LL*1024LL*1024LL) {
                        long cGiB = (bytes * 200LL / (1LL<<30) +1) /2;
                        snprintf(buf, sizeof(buf), "%ld.%02ldGiB",
                                 cGiB/100, cGiB % 100);
                } else {
                        long cTiB = (bytes * 200LL / (1LL<<40) + 1) / 2;
                        snprintf(buf, sizeof(buf), "%ld.%02ldTiB",
                                 cTiB/100, cTiB % 100);
                }
        }
        else if (prefix == JEDEC) {
                if (bytes < 2*1024LL*1024LL*1024LL) {
                        long cMB  = (bytes / ( 1000000LL / 200LL ) +1) /2;
                        snprintf(buf, sizeof(buf), "%ld.%02ldMB",
                                 cMB/100, cMB % 100);
                } else if (bytes < 2*1024LL*1024LL*1024LL*1024LL) {
                        long cGB  = (bytes / (1000000000LL/200LL ) +1) /2;
                        snprintf(buf, sizeof(buf), "%ld.%02ldGB",
                                 cGB/100, cGB % 100);
                } else {
                        long cTB  = (bytes / (1000000000000LL / 200LL) + 1) / 2;
                        snprintf(buf, sizeof(buf), "%ld.%02ldTB",
                                 cTB/100, cTB % 100);
                }
        }
        else
                buf[0] = 0;

        return buf;
}

void print_r10_layout(int layout)
{
        int near = layout & 255;
        int far = (layout >> 8) & 255;
        int offset = (layout&0x10000);
        char *sep = "";

        if (near != 1) {
                printf("%s near=%d", sep, near);
                sep = ",";
        }
        if (far != 1)
                printf("%s %s=%d", sep, offset?"offset":"far", far);
        if (near*far == 1)
                printf("NO REDUNDANCY");
}

unsigned long long calc_array_size(int level, int raid_disks, int layout,
                                   int chunksize, unsigned long long devsize)
{
        if (level == 1)
                return devsize;
        devsize &= ~(unsigned long long)((chunksize>>9)-1);
        return get_data_disks(level, layout, raid_disks) * devsize;
}

int get_data_disks(int level, int layout, int raid_disks)
{
        int data_disks = 0;
        switch (level) {
        case 0: data_disks = raid_disks;
                break;
        case 1: data_disks = 1;
                break;
        case 4:
        case 5: data_disks = raid_disks - 1;
                break;
        case 6: data_disks = raid_disks - 2;
                break;
        case 10: data_disks = raid_disks / (layout & 255) / ((layout>>8)&255);
                break;
        }

        return data_disks;
}

dev_t devnm2devid(char *devnm)
{
        /* First look in /sys/block/$DEVNM/dev for %d:%d
         * If that fails, try parsing out a number
         */
        char path[100];
        char *ep;
        int fd;
        int mjr,mnr;

        sprintf(path, "/sys/block/%s/dev", devnm);
        fd = open(path, O_RDONLY);
        if (fd >= 0) {
                char buf[20];
                int n = read(fd, buf, sizeof(buf));
                close(fd);
                if (n > 0)
                        buf[n] = 0;
                if (n > 0 && sscanf(buf, "%d:%d\n", &mjr, &mnr) == 2)
                        return makedev(mjr, mnr);
        }
        if (strncmp(devnm, "md_d", 4) == 0 &&
            isdigit(devnm[4]) &&
            (mnr = strtoul(devnm+4, &ep, 10)) >= 0 &&
            ep > devnm && *ep == 0)
                return makedev(get_mdp_major(), mnr << MdpMinorShift);

        if (strncmp(devnm, "md", 2) == 0 &&
            isdigit(devnm[2]) &&
            (mnr = strtoul(devnm+2, &ep, 10)) >= 0 &&
            ep > devnm && *ep == 0)
                return makedev(MD_MAJOR, mnr);

        return 0;
}

char *get_md_name(char *devnm)
{
        /* find /dev/md%d or /dev/md/%d or make a device /dev/.tmp.md%d */
        /* if dev < 0, want /dev/md/d%d or find mdp in /proc/devices ... */

        static char devname[50];
        struct stat stb;
        dev_t rdev = devnm2devid(devnm);
        char *dn;

        if (rdev == 0)
                return 0;
        if (strncmp(devnm, "md_", 3) == 0) {
                snprintf(devname, sizeof(devname), "/dev/md/%s",
                        devnm + 3);
                if (stat(devname, &stb) == 0 &&
                    (S_IFMT&stb.st_mode) == S_IFBLK && (stb.st_rdev == rdev))
                        return devname;
        }
        snprintf(devname, sizeof(devname), "/dev/%s", devnm);
        if (stat(devname, &stb) == 0 && (S_IFMT&stb.st_mode) == S_IFBLK &&
            (stb.st_rdev == rdev))
                return devname;

        snprintf(devname, sizeof(devname), "/dev/md/%s", devnm+2);
        if (stat(devname, &stb) == 0 && (S_IFMT&stb.st_mode) == S_IFBLK &&
            (stb.st_rdev == rdev))
                return devname;

        dn = map_dev(major(rdev), minor(rdev), 0);
        if (dn)
                return dn;
        snprintf(devname, sizeof(devname), "/dev/.tmp.%s", devnm);
        if (mknod(devname, S_IFBLK | 0600, rdev) == -1)
                if (errno != EEXIST)
                        return NULL;

        if (stat(devname, &stb) == 0 && (S_IFMT&stb.st_mode) == S_IFBLK &&
            (stb.st_rdev == rdev))
                return devname;
        unlink(devname);
        return NULL;
}

void put_md_name(char *name)
{
        if (strncmp(name, "/dev/.tmp.md", 12) == 0)
                unlink(name);
}

int get_maj_min(char *dev, int *major, int *minor)
{
        char *e;
        *major = strtoul(dev, &e, 0);
        return (e > dev && *e == ':' && e[1] &&
                (*minor = strtoul(e+1, &e, 0)) >= 0 &&
                *e == 0);
}

int dev_open(char *dev, int flags)
{
        /* like 'open', but if 'dev' matches %d:%d, create a temp
         * block device and open that
         */
        int fd = -1;
        char devname[32];
        int major;
        int minor;

        if (!dev)
                return -1;
        flags |= O_DIRECT;

        if (get_maj_min(dev, &major, &minor)) {
                snprintf(devname, sizeof(devname), "/dev/.tmp.md.%d:%d:%d",
                         (int)getpid(), major, minor);
                if (mknod(devname, S_IFBLK|0600, makedev(major, minor)) == 0) {
                        fd = open(devname, flags);
                        unlink(devname);
                }
                if (fd < 0) {
                        /* Try /tmp as /dev appear to be read-only */
                        snprintf(devname, sizeof(devname),
                                 "/tmp/.tmp.md.%d:%d:%d",
                                 (int)getpid(), major, minor);
                        if (mknod(devname, S_IFBLK|0600,
                                  makedev(major, minor)) == 0) {
                                fd = open(devname, flags);
                                unlink(devname);
                        }
                }
        } else
                fd = open(dev, flags);
        return fd;
}

int open_dev_flags(char *devnm, int flags)
{
        dev_t devid;
        char buf[20];

        devid = devnm2devid(devnm);
        sprintf(buf, "%d:%d", major(devid), minor(devid));
        return dev_open(buf, flags);
}

int open_dev(char *devnm)
{
        return open_dev_flags(devnm, O_RDONLY);
}

int open_dev_excl(char *devnm)
{
        char buf[20];
        int i;
        int flags = O_RDWR;
        dev_t devid = devnm2devid(devnm);
        long delay = 1000;

        sprintf(buf, "%d:%d", major(devid), minor(devid));
        for (i = 0; i < 25; i++) {
                int fd = dev_open(buf, flags|O_EXCL);
                if (fd >= 0)
                        return fd;
                if (errno == EACCES && flags == O_RDWR) {
                        flags = O_RDONLY;
                        continue;
                }
                if (errno != EBUSY)
                        return fd;
                usleep(delay);
                if (delay < 200000)
                        delay *= 2;
        }
        return -1;
}

int same_dev(char *one, char *two)
{
        struct stat st1, st2;
        if (stat(one, &st1) != 0)
                return 0;
        if (stat(two, &st2) != 0)
                return 0;
        if ((st1.st_mode & S_IFMT) != S_IFBLK)
                return 0;
        if ((st2.st_mode & S_IFMT) != S_IFBLK)
                return 0;
        return st1.st_rdev == st2.st_rdev;
}

void wait_for(char *dev, int fd)
{
        int i;
        struct stat stb_want;
        long delay = 1000;

        if (fstat(fd, &stb_want) != 0 ||
            (stb_want.st_mode & S_IFMT) != S_IFBLK)
                return;

        for (i = 0; i < 25; i++) {
                struct stat stb;
                if (stat(dev, &stb) == 0 &&
                    (stb.st_mode & S_IFMT) == S_IFBLK &&
                    (stb.st_rdev == stb_want.st_rdev))
                        return;
                usleep(delay);
                if (delay < 200000)
                        delay *= 2;
        }
        if (i == 25)
                pr_err("timeout waiting for %s\n", dev);
}

struct superswitch *superlist[] =
{
        &super0, &super1,
        &super_ddf, &super_imsm,
        &mbr, &gpt,
        NULL
};

struct supertype *super_by_fd(int fd, char **subarrayp)
{
        mdu_array_info_t array;
        int vers;
        int minor;
        struct supertype *st = NULL;
        struct mdinfo *sra;
        char *verstr;
        char version[20];
        int i;
        char *subarray = NULL;
        char container[32] = "";

        sra = sysfs_read(fd, NULL, GET_VERSION);

        if (sra) {
                vers = sra->array.major_version;
                minor = sra->array.minor_version;
                verstr = sra->text_version;
        } else {
                if (md_get_array_info(fd, &array))
                        array.major_version = array.minor_version = 0;
                vers = array.major_version;
                minor = array.minor_version;
                verstr = "";
        }

        if (vers != -1) {
                sprintf(version, "%d.%d", vers, minor);
                verstr = version;
        }
        if (minor == -2 && is_subarray(verstr)) {
                char *dev = verstr+1;

                subarray = strchr(dev, '/');
                if (subarray) {
                        *subarray++ = '\0';
                        subarray = xstrdup(subarray);
                }
                strcpy(container, dev);
                sysfs_free(sra);
                sra = sysfs_read(-1, container, GET_VERSION);
                if (sra && sra->text_version[0])
                        verstr = sra->text_version;
                else
                        verstr = "-no-metadata-";
        }

        for (i = 0; st == NULL && superlist[i]; i++)
                st = superlist[i]->match_metadata_desc(verstr);

        sysfs_free(sra);
        if (st) {
                st->sb = NULL;
                if (subarrayp)
                        *subarrayp = subarray;
                strcpy(st->container_devnm, container);
                strcpy(st->devnm, fd2devnm(fd));
        } else
                free(subarray);

        return st;
}

int dev_size_from_id(dev_t id, unsigned long long *size)
{
        char buf[20];
        int fd;

        sprintf(buf, "%d:%d", major(id), minor(id));
        fd = dev_open(buf, O_RDONLY);
        if (fd < 0)
                return 0;
        if (get_dev_size(fd, NULL, size)) {
                close(fd);
                return 1;
        }
        close(fd);
        return 0;
}

int dev_sector_size_from_id(dev_t id, unsigned int *size)
{
        char buf[20];
        int fd;

        sprintf(buf, "%d:%d", major(id), minor(id));
        fd = dev_open(buf, O_RDONLY);
        if (fd < 0)
                return 0;
        if (get_dev_sector_size(fd, NULL, size)) {
                close(fd);
                return 1;
        }
        close(fd);
        return 0;
}

struct supertype *dup_super(struct supertype *orig)
{
        struct supertype *st;

        if (!orig)
                return orig;
        st = xcalloc(1, sizeof(*st));
        st->ss = orig->ss;
        st->max_devs = orig->max_devs;
        st->minor_version = orig->minor_version;
        st->ignore_hw_compat = orig->ignore_hw_compat;
        st->data_offset = orig->data_offset;
        st->sb = NULL;
        st->info = NULL;
        return st;
}

struct supertype *guess_super_type(int fd, enum guess_types guess_type)
{
        /* try each load_super to find the best match,
         * and return the best superswitch
         */
        struct superswitch  *ss;
        struct supertype *st;
        unsigned int besttime = 0;
        int bestsuper = -1;
        int i;

        st = xcalloc(1, sizeof(*st));
        st->container_devnm[0] = 0;

        for (i = 0; superlist[i]; i++) {
                int rv;
                ss = superlist[i];
                if (guess_type == guess_array && ss->add_to_super == NULL)
                        continue;
                if (guess_type == guess_partitions && ss->add_to_super != NULL)
                        continue;
                memset(st, 0, sizeof(*st));
                st->ignore_hw_compat = 1;
                rv = ss->load_super(st, fd, NULL);
                if (rv == 0) {
                        struct mdinfo info;
                        st->ss->getinfo_super(st, &info, NULL);
                        if (bestsuper == -1 ||
                            besttime < info.array.ctime) {
                                bestsuper = i;
                                besttime = info.array.ctime;
                        }
                        ss->free_super(st);
                }
        }
        if (bestsuper != -1) {
                int rv;
                memset(st, 0, sizeof(*st));
                st->ignore_hw_compat = 1;
                rv = superlist[bestsuper]->load_super(st, fd, NULL);
                if (rv == 0) {
                        superlist[bestsuper]->free_super(st);
                        return st;
                }
        }
        free(st);
        return NULL;
}

/* Return size of device in bytes */
int get_dev_size(int fd, char *dname, unsigned long long *sizep)
{
        unsigned long long ldsize;
        struct stat st;

        if (fstat(fd, &st) != -1 && S_ISREG(st.st_mode))
                ldsize = (unsigned long long)st.st_size;
        else
#ifdef BLKGETSIZE64
        if (ioctl(fd, BLKGETSIZE64, &ldsize) != 0)
#endif
        {
                unsigned long dsize;
                if (ioctl(fd, BLKGETSIZE, &dsize) == 0) {
                        ldsize = dsize;
                        ldsize <<= 9;
                } else {
                        if (dname)
                                pr_err("Cannot get size of %s: %s\n",
                                        dname, strerror(errno));
                        return 0;
                }
        }
        *sizep = ldsize;
        return 1;
}

/* Return sector size of device in bytes */
int get_dev_sector_size(int fd, char *dname, unsigned int *sectsizep)
{
        unsigned int sectsize;

        if (ioctl(fd, BLKSSZGET, &sectsize) != 0) {
                if (dname)
                        pr_err("Cannot get sector size of %s: %s\n",
                                dname, strerror(errno));
                return 0;
        }

        *sectsizep = sectsize;
        return 1;
}

/* Return true if this can only be a container, not a member device.
 * i.e. is and md device and size is zero
 */
int must_be_container(int fd)
{
        struct mdinfo *mdi;
        unsigned long long size;

        mdi = sysfs_read(fd, NULL, GET_VERSION);
        if (!mdi)
                return 0;
        sysfs_free(mdi);

        if (get_dev_size(fd, NULL, &size) == 0)
                return 1;
        if (size == 0)
                return 1;
        return 0;
}

/* Sets endofpart parameter to the last block used by the last GPT partition on the device.
 * Returns: 1 if successful
 *         -1 for unknown partition type
 *          0 for other errors
 */
static int get_gpt_last_partition_end(int fd, unsigned long long *endofpart)
{
        struct GPT gpt;
        unsigned char empty_gpt_entry[16]= {0};
        struct GPT_part_entry *part;
        char buf[512];
        unsigned long long curr_part_end;
        unsigned all_partitions, entry_size;
        unsigned part_nr;
        unsigned int sector_size = 0;

        *endofpart = 0;

        BUILD_BUG_ON(sizeof(gpt) != 512);
        /* skip protective MBR */
        if (!get_dev_sector_size(fd, NULL, &sector_size))
                return 0;
        lseek(fd, sector_size, SEEK_SET);
        /* read GPT header */
        if (read(fd, &gpt, 512) != 512)
                return 0;

        /* get the number of partition entries and the entry size */
        all_partitions = __le32_to_cpu(gpt.part_cnt);
        entry_size = __le32_to_cpu(gpt.part_size);

        /* Check GPT signature*/
        if (gpt.magic != GPT_SIGNATURE_MAGIC)
                return -1;

        /* sanity checks */
        if (all_partitions > 1024 ||
            entry_size > sizeof(buf))
                return -1;

        part = (struct GPT_part_entry *)buf;

        /* set offset to third block (GPT entries) */
        lseek(fd, sector_size*2, SEEK_SET);
        for (part_nr = 0; part_nr < all_partitions; part_nr++) {
                /* read partition entry */
                if (read(fd, buf, entry_size) != (ssize_t)entry_size)
                        return 0;

                /* is this valid partition? */
                if (memcmp(part->type_guid, empty_gpt_entry, 16) != 0) {
                        /* check the last lba for the current partition */
                        curr_part_end = __le64_to_cpu(part->ending_lba);
                        if (curr_part_end > *endofpart)
                                *endofpart = curr_part_end;
                }

        }
        return 1;
}

/* Sets endofpart parameter to the last block used by the last partition on the device.
 * Returns: 1 if successful
 *         -1 for unknown partition type
 *          0 for other errors
 */
static int get_last_partition_end(int fd, unsigned long long *endofpart)
{
        struct MBR boot_sect;
        unsigned long long curr_part_end;
        unsigned part_nr;
        unsigned int sector_size;
        int retval = 0;

        *endofpart = 0;

        BUILD_BUG_ON(sizeof(boot_sect) != 512);
        /* read MBR */
        lseek(fd, 0, 0);
        if (read(fd, &boot_sect, 512) != 512)
                goto abort;

        /* check MBP signature */
        if (boot_sect.magic == MBR_SIGNATURE_MAGIC) {
                retval = 1;
                /* found the correct signature */

                for (part_nr = 0; part_nr < MBR_PARTITIONS; part_nr++) {
                        /*
                         * Have to make every access through boot_sect rather
                         * than using a pointer to the partition table (or an
                         * entry), since the entries are not properly aligned.
                         */

                        /* check for GPT type */
                        if (boot_sect.parts[part_nr].part_type ==
                            MBR_GPT_PARTITION_TYPE) {
                                retval = get_gpt_last_partition_end(fd, endofpart);
                                break;
                        }
                        /* check the last used lba for the current partition  */
                        curr_part_end =
                                __le32_to_cpu(boot_sect.parts[part_nr].first_sect_lba) +
                                __le32_to_cpu(boot_sect.parts[part_nr].blocks_num);
                        if (curr_part_end > *endofpart)
                                *endofpart = curr_part_end;
                }
        } else {
                /* Unknown partition table */
                retval = -1;
        }
        /* calculate number of 512-byte blocks */
        if (get_dev_sector_size(fd, NULL, &sector_size))
                *endofpart *= (sector_size / 512);
 abort:
        return retval;
}

int check_partitions(int fd, char *dname, unsigned long long freesize,
                        unsigned long long size)
{
        /*
         * Check where the last partition ends
         */
        unsigned long long endofpart;

        if (get_last_partition_end(fd, &endofpart) > 0) {
                /* There appears to be a partition table here */
                if (freesize == 0) {
                        /* partitions will not be visible in new device */
                        pr_err("partition table exists on %s but will be lost or\n"
                               "       meaningless after creating array\n",
                               dname);
                        return 1;
                } else if (endofpart > freesize) {
                        /* last partition overlaps metadata */
                        pr_err("metadata will over-write last partition on %s.\n",
                               dname);
                        return 1;
                } else if (size && endofpart > size) {
                        /* partitions will be truncated in new device */
                        pr_err("array size is too small to cover all partitions on %s.\n",
                               dname);
                        return 1;
                }
        }
        return 0;
}

int open_container(int fd)
{
        /* 'fd' is a block device.  Find out if it is in use
         * by a container, and return an open fd on that container.
         */
        char path[256];
        char *e;
        DIR *dir;
        struct dirent *de;
        int dfd, n;
        char buf[200];
        int major, minor;
        struct stat st;

        if (fstat(fd, &st) != 0)
                return -1;
        sprintf(path, "/sys/dev/block/%d:%d/holders",
                (int)major(st.st_rdev), (int)minor(st.st_rdev));
        e = path + strlen(path);

        dir = opendir(path);
        if (!dir)
                return -1;
        while ((de = readdir(dir))) {
                if (de->d_ino == 0)
                        continue;
                if (de->d_name[0] == '.')
                        continue;
                /* Need to make sure it is a container and not a volume */
                sprintf(e, "/%s/md/metadata_version", de->d_name);
                dfd = open(path, O_RDONLY);
                if (dfd < 0)
                        continue;
                n = read(dfd, buf, sizeof(buf));
                close(dfd);
                if (n <= 0 || (unsigned)n >= sizeof(buf))
                        continue;
                buf[n] = 0;
                if (strncmp(buf, "external", 8) != 0 ||
                    n < 10 ||
                    buf[9] == '/')
                        continue;
                sprintf(e, "/%s/dev", de->d_name);
                dfd = open(path, O_RDONLY);
                if (dfd < 0)
                        continue;
                n = read(dfd, buf, sizeof(buf));
                close(dfd);
                if (n <= 0 || (unsigned)n >= sizeof(buf))
                        continue;
                buf[n] = 0;
                if (sscanf(buf, "%d:%d", &major, &minor) != 2)
                        continue;
                sprintf(buf, "%d:%d", major, minor);
                dfd = dev_open(buf, O_RDONLY);
                if (dfd >= 0) {
                        closedir(dir);
                        return dfd;
                }
        }
        closedir(dir);
        return -1;
}

struct superswitch *version_to_superswitch(char *vers)
{
        int i;

        for (i = 0; superlist[i]; i++) {
                struct superswitch *ss = superlist[i];

                if (strcmp(vers, ss->name) == 0)
                        return ss;
        }

        return NULL;
}

int metadata_container_matches(char *metadata, char *devnm)
{
        /* Check if 'devnm' is the container named in 'metadata'
         * which is
         *   /containername/componentname  or
         *   -containername/componentname
         */
        int l;
        if (*metadata != '/' && *metadata != '-')
                return 0;
        l = strlen(devnm);
        if (strncmp(metadata+1, devnm, l) != 0)
                return 0;
        if (metadata[l+1] != '/')
                return 0;
        return 1;
}

int metadata_subdev_matches(char *metadata, char *devnm)
{
        /* Check if 'devnm' is the subdev named in 'metadata'
         * which is
         *   /containername/subdev  or
         *   -containername/subdev
         */
        char *sl;
        if (*metadata != '/' && *metadata != '-')
                return 0;
        sl = strchr(metadata+1, '/');
        if (!sl)
                return 0;
        if (strcmp(sl+1, devnm) == 0)
                return 1;
        return 0;
}

int is_container_member(struct mdstat_ent *mdstat, char *container)
{
        if (mdstat->metadata_version == NULL ||
            strncmp(mdstat->metadata_version, "external:", 9) != 0 ||
            !metadata_container_matches(mdstat->metadata_version+9, container))
                return 0;

        return 1;
}

int is_subarray_active(char *subarray, char *container)
{
        struct mdstat_ent *mdstat = mdstat_read(0, 0);
        struct mdstat_ent *ent;

        for (ent = mdstat; ent; ent = ent->next)
                if (is_container_member(ent, container))
                        if (strcmp(to_subarray(ent, container), subarray) == 0)
                                break;

        free_mdstat(mdstat);

        return ent != NULL;
}

/* open_subarray - opens a subarray in a container
 * @dev: container device name
 * @st: empty supertype
 * @quiet: block reporting errors flag
 *
 * On success returns an fd to a container and fills in *st
 */
int open_subarray(char *dev, char *subarray, struct supertype *st, int quiet)
{
        struct mdinfo *mdi;
        struct mdinfo *info;
        int fd, err = 1;
        char *_devnm;

        fd = open(dev, O_RDWR|O_EXCL);
        if (fd < 0) {
                if (!quiet)
                        pr_err("Couldn't open %s, aborting\n",
                                dev);
                return -1;
        }

        _devnm = fd2devnm(fd);
        if (_devnm == NULL) {
                if (!quiet)
                        pr_err("Failed to determine device number for %s\n",
                               dev);
                goto close_fd;
        }
        strcpy(st->devnm, _devnm);

        mdi = sysfs_read(fd, st->devnm, GET_VERSION|GET_LEVEL);
        if (!mdi) {
                if (!quiet)
                        pr_err("Failed to read sysfs for %s\n",
                                dev);
                goto close_fd;
        }

        if (mdi->array.level != UnSet) {
                if (!quiet)
                        pr_err("%s is not a container\n", dev);
                goto free_sysfs;
        }

        st->ss = version_to_superswitch(mdi->text_version);
        if (!st->ss) {
                if (!quiet)
                        pr_err("Operation not supported for %s metadata\n",
                               mdi->text_version);
                goto free_sysfs;
        }

        if (st->devnm[0] == 0) {
                if (!quiet)
                        pr_err("Failed to allocate device name\n");
                goto free_sysfs;
        }

        if (!st->ss->load_container) {
                if (!quiet)
                        pr_err("%s is not a container\n", dev);
                goto free_sysfs;
        }

        if (st->ss->load_container(st, fd, NULL)) {
                if (!quiet)
                        pr_err("Failed to load metadata for %s\n",
                                dev);
                goto free_sysfs;
        }

        info = st->ss->container_content(st, subarray);
        if (!info) {
                if (!quiet)
                        pr_err("Failed to find subarray-%s in %s\n",
                                subarray, dev);
                goto free_super;
        }
        free(info);

        err = 0;

 free_super:
        if (err)
                st->ss->free_super(st);
 free_sysfs:
        sysfs_free(mdi);
 close_fd:
        if (err)
                close(fd);

        if (err)
                return -1;
        else
                return fd;
}

int add_disk(int mdfd, struct supertype *st,
             struct mdinfo *sra, struct mdinfo *info)
{
        /* Add a device to an array, in one of 2 ways. */
        int rv;

        if (st->ss->external) {
                if (info->disk.state & (1<<MD_DISK_SYNC))
                        info->recovery_start = MaxSector;
                else
                        info->recovery_start = 0;
                rv = sysfs_add_disk(sra, info, 0);
                if (! rv) {
                        struct mdinfo *sd2;
                        for (sd2 = sra->devs; sd2; sd2=sd2->next)
                                if (sd2 == info)
                                        break;
                        if (sd2 == NULL) {
                                sd2 = xmalloc(sizeof(*sd2));
                                *sd2 = *info;
                                sd2->next = sra->devs;
                                sra->devs = sd2;
                        }
                }
        } else
                rv = ioctl(mdfd, ADD_NEW_DISK, &info->disk);
        return rv;
}

int remove_disk(int mdfd, struct supertype *st,
                struct mdinfo *sra, struct mdinfo *info)
{
        int rv;

        /* Remove the disk given by 'info' from the array */
        if (st->ss->external)
                rv = sysfs_set_str(sra, info, "slot", "none");
        else
                rv = ioctl(mdfd, HOT_REMOVE_DISK, makedev(info->disk.major,
                                                          info->disk.minor));
        return rv;
}

int hot_remove_disk(int mdfd, unsigned long dev, int force)
{
        int cnt = force ? 500 : 5;
        int ret;

        /* HOT_REMOVE_DISK can fail with EBUSY if there are
         * outstanding IO requests to the device.
         * In this case, it can be helpful to wait a little while,
         * up to 5 seconds if 'force' is set, or 50 msec if not.
         */
        while ((ret = ioctl(mdfd, HOT_REMOVE_DISK, dev)) == -1 &&
               errno == EBUSY &&
               cnt-- > 0)
                usleep(10000);

        return ret;
}

int sys_hot_remove_disk(int statefd, int force)
{
        int cnt = force ? 500 : 5;
        int ret;

        while ((ret = write(statefd, "remove", 6)) == -1 &&
               errno == EBUSY &&
               cnt-- > 0)
                usleep(10000);
        return ret == 6 ? 0 : -1;
}

int set_array_info(int mdfd, struct supertype *st, struct mdinfo *info)
{
        /* Initialise kernel's knowledge of array.
         * This varies between externally managed arrays
         * and older kernels
         */
        mdu_array_info_t inf;
        int rv;

        if (st->ss->external)
                return sysfs_set_array(info, 9003);
                
        memset(&inf, 0, sizeof(inf));
        inf.major_version = info->array.major_version;
        inf.minor_version = info->array.minor_version;
        rv = md_set_array_info(mdfd, &inf);

        return rv;
}

unsigned long long min_recovery_start(struct mdinfo *array)
{
        /* find the minimum recovery_start in an array for metadata
         * formats that only record per-array recovery progress instead
         * of per-device
         */
        unsigned long long recovery_start = MaxSector;
        struct mdinfo *d;

        for (d = array->devs; d; d = d->next)
                recovery_start = min(recovery_start, d->recovery_start);

        return recovery_start;
}

int mdmon_pid(char *devnm)
{
        char path[100];
        char pid[10];
        int fd;
        int n;

        sprintf(path, "%s/%s.pid", MDMON_DIR, devnm);

        fd = open(path, O_RDONLY | O_NOATIME, 0);

        if (fd < 0)
                return -1;
        n = read(fd, pid, 9);
        close(fd);
        if (n <= 0)
                return -1;
        return atoi(pid);
}

int mdmon_running(char *devnm)
{
        int pid = mdmon_pid(devnm);
        if (pid <= 0)
                return 0;
        if (kill(pid, 0) == 0)
                return 1;
        return 0;
}

int start_mdmon(char *devnm)
{
        int i;
        int len;
        pid_t pid;
        int status;
        char pathbuf[1024];
        char *paths[4] = {
                pathbuf,
                BINDIR "/mdmon",
                "./mdmon",
                NULL
        };

        if (check_env("MDADM_NO_MDMON"))
                return 0;
        if (continue_via_systemd(devnm, MDMON_SERVICE))
                return 0;

        /* That failed, try running mdmon directly */
        len = readlink("/proc/self/exe", pathbuf, sizeof(pathbuf)-1);
        if (len > 0) {
                char *sl;
                pathbuf[len] = 0;
                sl = strrchr(pathbuf, '/');
                if (sl)
                        sl++;
                else
                        sl = pathbuf;
                strcpy(sl, "mdmon");
        } else
                pathbuf[0] = '\0';

        switch(fork()) {
        case 0:
                manage_fork_fds(1);
                for (i = 0; paths[i]; i++)
                        if (paths[i][0]) {
                                execl(paths[i], paths[i],
                                      devnm, NULL);
                        }
                exit(1);
        case -1: pr_err("cannot run mdmon. Array remains readonly\n");
                return -1;
        default: /* parent - good */
                pid = wait(&status);
                if (pid < 0 || status != 0) {
                        pr_err("failed to launch mdmon. Array remains readonly\n");
                        return -1;
                }
        }
        return 0;
}

__u32 random32(void)
{
        __u32 rv;
        int rfd = open("/dev/urandom", O_RDONLY);
        if (rfd < 0 || read(rfd, &rv, 4) != 4)
                rv = random();
        if (rfd >= 0)
                close(rfd);
        return rv;
}

void random_uuid(__u8 *buf)
{
        int fd, i, len;
        __u32 r[4];

        fd = open("/dev/urandom", O_RDONLY);
        if (fd < 0)
                goto use_random;
        len = read(fd, buf, 16);
        close(fd);
        if (len != 16)
                goto use_random;

        return;

use_random:
        for (i = 0; i < 4; i++)
                r[i] = random();
        memcpy(buf, r, 16);
}

int flush_metadata_updates(struct supertype *st)
{
        int sfd;
        if (!st->updates) {
                st->update_tail = NULL;
                return -1;
        }

        sfd = connect_monitor(st->container_devnm);
        if (sfd < 0)
                return -1;

        while (st->updates) {
                struct metadata_update *mu = st->updates;
                st->updates = mu->next;

                send_message(sfd, mu, 0);
                wait_reply(sfd, 0);
                free(mu->buf);
                free(mu);
        }
        ack(sfd, 0);
        wait_reply(sfd, 0);
        close(sfd);
        st->update_tail = NULL;
        return 0;
}

void append_metadata_update(struct supertype *st, void *buf, int len)
{

        struct metadata_update *mu = xmalloc(sizeof(*mu));

        mu->buf = buf;
        mu->len = len;
        mu->space = NULL;
        mu->space_list = NULL;
        mu->next = NULL;
        *st->update_tail = mu;
        st->update_tail = &mu->next;
}

#ifdef __TINYC__
/* tinyc doesn't optimize this check in ioctl.h out ... */
unsigned int __invalid_size_argument_for_IOC = 0;
#endif

/* Pick all spares matching given criteria from a container
 * if min_size == 0 do not check size
 * if domlist == NULL do not check domains
 * if spare_group given add it to domains of each spare
 * metadata allows to test domains using metadata of destination array */
struct mdinfo *container_choose_spares(struct supertype *st,
                                       struct spare_criteria *criteria,
                                       struct domainlist *domlist,
                                       char *spare_group,
                                       const char *metadata, int get_one)
{
        struct mdinfo *d, **dp, *disks = NULL;

        /* get list of all disks in container */
        if (st->ss->getinfo_super_disks)
                disks = st->ss->getinfo_super_disks(st);

        if (!disks)
                return disks;
        /* find spare devices on the list */
        dp = &disks->devs;
        disks->array.spare_disks = 0;
        while (*dp) {
                int found = 0;
                d = *dp;
                if (d->disk.state == 0) {
                        /* check if size is acceptable */
                        unsigned long long dev_size;
                        unsigned int dev_sector_size;
                        int size_valid = 0;
                        int sector_size_valid = 0;

                        dev_t dev = makedev(d->disk.major,d->disk.minor);

                        if (!criteria->min_size ||
                           (dev_size_from_id(dev,  &dev_size) &&
                            dev_size >= criteria->min_size))
                                size_valid = 1;

                        if (!criteria->sector_size ||
                            (dev_sector_size_from_id(dev, &dev_sector_size) &&
                             criteria->sector_size == dev_sector_size))
                                sector_size_valid = 1;

                        found = size_valid && sector_size_valid;

                        /* check if domain matches */
                        if (found && domlist) {
                                struct dev_policy *pol = devid_policy(dev);
                                if (spare_group)
                                        pol_add(&pol, pol_domain,
                                                spare_group, NULL);
                                if (domain_test(domlist, pol, metadata) != 1)
                                        found = 0;
                                dev_policy_free(pol);
                        }
                }
                if (found) {
                        dp = &d->next;
                        disks->array.spare_disks++;
                        if (get_one) {
                                sysfs_free(*dp);
                                d->next = NULL;
                        }
                } else {
                        *dp = d->next;
                        d->next = NULL;
                        sysfs_free(d);
                }
        }
        return disks;
}

/* Checks if paths point to the same device
 * Returns 0 if they do.
 * Returns 1 if they don't.
 * Returns -1 if something went wrong,
 * e.g. paths are empty or the files
 * they point to don't exist */
int compare_paths (char* path1, char* path2)
{
        struct stat st1,st2;

        if (path1 == NULL || path2 == NULL)
                return -1;
        if (stat(path1,&st1) != 0)
                return -1;
        if (stat(path2,&st2) != 0)
                return -1;
        if ((st1.st_ino == st2.st_ino) && (st1.st_dev == st2.st_dev))
                return 0;
        return 1;
}

/* Make sure we can open as many devices as needed */
void enable_fds(int devices)
{
        unsigned int fds = 20 + devices;
        struct rlimit lim;
        if (getrlimit(RLIMIT_NOFILE, &lim) != 0 || lim.rlim_cur >= fds)
                return;
        if (lim.rlim_max < fds)
                lim.rlim_max = fds;
        lim.rlim_cur = fds;
        setrlimit(RLIMIT_NOFILE, &lim);
}

/* Close all opened descriptors if needed and redirect
 * streams to /dev/null.
 * For debug purposed, leave STDOUT and STDERR untouched
 * Returns:
 *      1- if any error occurred
 *      0- otherwise
 */
void manage_fork_fds(int close_all)
{
        DIR *dir;
        struct dirent *dirent;

        close(0);
        open("/dev/null", O_RDWR);

#ifndef DEBUG
        dup2(0, 1);
        dup2(0, 2);
#endif

        if (close_all == 0)
                return;

        dir = opendir("/proc/self/fd");
        if (!dir) {
                pr_err("Cannot open /proc/self/fd directory.\n");
                return;
        }
        for (dirent = readdir(dir); dirent; dirent = readdir(dir)) {
                int fd = -1;

                if ((strcmp(dirent->d_name, ".") == 0) ||
                    (strcmp(dirent->d_name, "..")) == 0)
                        continue;

                fd = strtol(dirent->d_name, NULL, 10);
                if (fd > 2)
                        close(fd);
        }
}

/* In a systemd/udev world, it is best to get systemd to
 * run daemon rather than running in the background.
 * Returns:
 *      1- if systemd service has been started
 *      0- otherwise
 */
int continue_via_systemd(char *devnm, char *service_name)
{
        int pid, status;
        char pathbuf[1024];

        /* Simply return that service cannot be started */
        if (check_env("MDADM_NO_SYSTEMCTL"))
                return 0;
        switch (fork()) {
        case  0:
                manage_fork_fds(1);
                snprintf(pathbuf, sizeof(pathbuf),
                         "%s@%s.service", service_name, devnm);
                status = execl("/usr/bin/systemctl", "systemctl", "restart",
                               pathbuf, NULL);
                status = execl("/bin/systemctl", "systemctl", "restart",
                               pathbuf, NULL);
                exit(1);
        case -1: /* Just do it ourselves. */
                break;
        default: /* parent - good */
                pid = wait(&status);
                if (pid >= 0 && status == 0)
                        return 1;
        }
        return 0;
}

int in_initrd(void)
{
        /* This is based on similar function in systemd. */
        struct statfs s;
        /* statfs.f_type is signed long on s390x and MIPS, causing all
           sorts of sign extension problems with RAMFS_MAGIC being
           defined as 0x858458f6 */
        return  statfs("/", &s) >= 0 &&
                ((unsigned long)s.f_type == TMPFS_MAGIC ||
                 ((unsigned long)s.f_type & 0xFFFFFFFFUL) ==
                 ((unsigned long)RAMFS_MAGIC & 0xFFFFFFFFUL));
}

void reopen_mddev(int mdfd)
{
        /* Re-open without any O_EXCL, but keep
         * the same fd
         */
        char *devnm;
        int fd;
        devnm = fd2devnm(mdfd);
        close(mdfd);
        fd = open_dev(devnm);
        if (fd >= 0 && fd != mdfd)
                dup2(fd, mdfd);
}

static struct cmap_hooks *cmap_hooks = NULL;
static int is_cmap_hooks_ready = 0;

void set_cmap_hooks(void)
{
        cmap_hooks = xmalloc(sizeof(struct cmap_hooks));
        cmap_hooks->cmap_handle = dlopen("libcmap.so.4", RTLD_NOW | RTLD_LOCAL);
        if (!cmap_hooks->cmap_handle)
                return;

        cmap_hooks->initialize =
                dlsym(cmap_hooks->cmap_handle, "cmap_initialize");
        cmap_hooks->get_string =
                dlsym(cmap_hooks->cmap_handle, "cmap_get_string");
        cmap_hooks->finalize = dlsym(cmap_hooks->cmap_handle, "cmap_finalize");

        if (!cmap_hooks->initialize || !cmap_hooks->get_string ||
            !cmap_hooks->finalize)
                dlclose(cmap_hooks->cmap_handle);
        else
                is_cmap_hooks_ready = 1;
}

int get_cluster_name(char **cluster_name)
{
        int rv = -1;
        cmap_handle_t handle;

        if (!is_cmap_hooks_ready)
                return rv;

        rv = cmap_hooks->initialize(&handle);
        if (rv != CS_OK)
                goto out;

        rv = cmap_hooks->get_string(handle, "totem.cluster_name", cluster_name);
        if (rv != CS_OK) {
                free(*cluster_name);
                rv = -1;
                goto name_err;
        }

        rv = 0;
name_err:
        cmap_hooks->finalize(handle);
out:
        return rv;
}

void set_dlm_hooks(void)
{
        dlm_hooks = xmalloc(sizeof(struct dlm_hooks));
        dlm_hooks->dlm_handle = dlopen("libdlm_lt.so.3", RTLD_NOW | RTLD_LOCAL);
        if (!dlm_hooks->dlm_handle)
                return;

        dlm_hooks->open_lockspace =
                dlsym(dlm_hooks->dlm_handle, "dlm_open_lockspace");
        dlm_hooks->create_lockspace =
                dlsym(dlm_hooks->dlm_handle, "dlm_create_lockspace");
        dlm_hooks->release_lockspace =
                dlsym(dlm_hooks->dlm_handle, "dlm_release_lockspace");
        dlm_hooks->ls_lock = dlsym(dlm_hooks->dlm_handle, "dlm_ls_lock");
        dlm_hooks->ls_unlock_wait =
                dlsym(dlm_hooks->dlm_handle, "dlm_ls_unlock_wait");
        dlm_hooks->ls_get_fd = dlsym(dlm_hooks->dlm_handle, "dlm_ls_get_fd");
        dlm_hooks->dispatch = dlsym(dlm_hooks->dlm_handle, "dlm_dispatch");

        if (!dlm_hooks->open_lockspace || !dlm_hooks->create_lockspace ||
            !dlm_hooks->ls_lock || !dlm_hooks->ls_unlock_wait ||
            !dlm_hooks->release_lockspace || !dlm_hooks->ls_get_fd ||
            !dlm_hooks->dispatch)
                dlclose(dlm_hooks->dlm_handle);
        else
                is_dlm_hooks_ready = 1;
}

void set_hooks(void)
{
        set_dlm_hooks();
        set_cmap_hooks();
}

int zero_disk_range(int fd, unsigned long long sector, size_t count)
{
        int ret = 0;
        int fd_zero;
        void *addr = NULL;
        size_t written = 0;
        size_t len = count * 512;
        ssize_t n;

        fd_zero = open("/dev/zero", O_RDONLY);
        if (fd_zero < 0) {
                pr_err("Cannot open /dev/zero\n");
                return -1;
        }

        if (lseek64(fd, sector * 512, SEEK_SET) < 0) {
                ret = -errno;
                pr_err("Failed to seek offset for zeroing\n");
                goto out;
        }

        addr = mmap(NULL, len, PROT_READ, MAP_PRIVATE, fd_zero, 0);

        if (addr == MAP_FAILED) {
                ret = -errno;
                pr_err("Mapping /dev/zero failed\n");
                goto out;
        }

        do {
                n = write(fd, addr + written, len - written);
                if (n < 0) {
                        if (errno == EINTR)
                                continue;
                        ret = -errno;
                        pr_err("Zeroing disk range failed\n");
                        break;
                }
                written += n;
        } while (written != len);

        munmap(addr, len);

out:
        close(fd_zero);
        return ret;
}