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1 | This is a terse description of the new features added to bash-4.4 since |
2 | the release of bash-4.3. As always, the manual page (doc/bash.1) is | |
3 | the place to look for complete descriptions. | |
4 | ||
5 | 1. New Features in Bash | |
6 | ||
7 | a. There is now a settable configuration #define that will cause the shell | |
8 | to exit if the shell is running setuid without the -p option and setuid | |
9 | to the real uid fails. | |
10 | ||
11 | b. Command and process substitutions now turn off the `-v' option when | |
12 | executing, as other shells seem to do. | |
13 | ||
14 | c. The default value for the `checkhash' shell option may now be set at | |
15 | compile time with a #define. | |
16 | ||
17 | d. The `mapfile' builtin now has a -d option to use an arbitrary character | |
18 | as the record delimiter, and a -t option to strip the delimiter as | |
19 | supplied with -d. | |
20 | ||
21 | e. The maximum number of nested recursive calls to `eval' is now settable in | |
22 | config-top.h; the default is no limit. | |
23 | ||
24 | f. The `-p' option to declare and similar builtins will display attributes for | |
25 | named variables even when those variables have not been assigned values | |
26 | (which are technically unset). | |
27 | ||
28 | g. The maximum number of nested recursive calls to `source' is now settable | |
29 | in config-top.h; the default is no limit. | |
30 | ||
31 | h. All builtin commands recognize the `--help' option and print a usage | |
32 | summary. | |
33 | ||
34 | i. Bash does not allow function names containing `/' and `=' to be exported. | |
35 | ||
36 | j. The `ulimit' builtin has new -k (kqueues) and -P (pseudoterminals) options. | |
37 | ||
38 | k. The shell now allows `time ; othercommand' to time null commands. | |
39 | ||
40 | l. There is a new `--enable-function-import' configuration option to allow | |
41 | importing shell functions from the environment; import is enabled by | |
42 | default. | |
43 | ||
44 | m. `printf -v var ""' will now set `var' to the empty string, as if `var=""' | |
45 | had been executed. | |
46 | ||
47 | n. GLOBIGNORE, the pattern substitution word expansion, and programmable | |
48 | completion match filtering now honor the value of the `nocasematch' option. | |
49 | ||
50 | o. There is a new ${parameter@spec} family of operators to transform the | |
51 | value of `parameter'. | |
52 | ||
53 | p. Bash no longer attempts to perform compound assignment if a variable on the | |
54 | rhs of an assignment statement argument to `declare' has the form of a | |
55 | compound assignment (e.g., w='(word)' ; declare foo=$w); compound | |
56 | assignments are accepted if the variable was already declared as an array, | |
57 | but with a warning. | |
58 | ||
59 | q. The declare builtin no longer displays array variables using the compound | |
60 | assignment syntax with quotes; that will generate warnings when re-used as | |
61 | input, and isn't necessary. | |
62 | ||
63 | r. Executing the rhs of && and || will no longer cause the shell to fork if | |
64 | it's not necessary. | |
65 | ||
66 | s. The `local' builtin takes a new argument: `-', which will cause it to save | |
67 | and the single-letter shell options and restore their previous values at | |
68 | function return. | |
69 | ||
70 | t. `complete' and `compgen' have a new `-o nosort' option, which forces | |
71 | readline to not sort the completion matches. | |
72 | ||
73 | u. Bash now allows waiting for the most recent process substitution, since it | |
74 | appears as $!. | |
75 | ||
76 | v. The `unset' builtin now unsets a scalar variable if it is subscripted with | |
77 | a `0', analogous to the ${var[0]} expansion. | |
78 | ||
79 | w. `set -i' is no longer valid, as in other shells. | |
80 | ||
81 | x. BASH_SUBSHELL is now updated for process substitution and group commands | |
82 | in pipelines, and is available with the same value when running any exit | |
83 | trap. | |
84 | ||
85 | y. Bash now checks $INSIDE_EMACS as well as $EMACS when deciding whether or | |
86 | not bash is being run in a GNU Emacs shell window. | |
87 | ||
88 | z. Bash now treats SIGINT received when running a non-builtin command in a | |
89 | loop the way it has traditionally treated running a builtin command: | |
90 | running any trap handler and breaking out of the loop. | |
91 | ||
92 | aa. New variable: EXECIGNORE; a colon-separate list of patterns that will | |
93 | cause matching filenames to be ignored when searching for commands. | |
94 | ||
95 | bb. Aliases whose value ends in a shell metacharacter now expand in a way to | |
96 | allow them to be `pasted' to the next token, which can potentially change | |
97 | the meaning of a command (e.g., turning `&' into `&&'). | |
98 | ||
99 | cc. `make install' now installs the example loadable builtins and a set of | |
100 | bash headers to use when developing new loadable builtins. | |
101 | ||
102 | dd. `enable -f' now attempts to call functions named BUILTIN_builtin_load when | |
103 | loading BUILTIN, and BUILTIN_builtin_unload when deleting it. This allows | |
104 | loadable builtins to run initialization and cleanup code. | |
105 | ||
106 | ee. There is a new BASH_LOADABLES_PATH variable containing a list of directories | |
107 | where the `enable -f' command looks for shared objects containing loadable | |
108 | builtins. | |
109 | ||
110 | ff. The `complete_fullquote' option to `shopt' changes filename completion to | |
111 | quote all shell metacharacters in filenames and directory names. | |
112 | ||
113 | gg. The `kill' builtin now has a `-L' option, equivalent to `-l', for | |
114 | compatibility with Linux standalone versions of kill. | |
115 | ||
116 | hh. BASH_COMPAT and FUNCNEST can be inherited and set from the shell's initial | |
117 | environment. | |
118 | ||
119 | ii. inherit_errexit: a new `shopt' option that, when set, causes command | |
120 | substitutions to inherit the -e option. By default, those subshells disable | |
121 | -e. It's enabled as part of turning on posix mode. | |
122 | ||
123 | jj. New prompt string: PS0. Expanded and displayed by interactive shells after | |
124 | reading a complete command but before executing it. | |
125 | ||
126 | kk. Interactive shells now behave as if SIGTSTP/SIGTTIN/SIGTTOU are set to | |
127 | SIG_DFL when the shell is started, so they are set to SIG_DFL in child | |
128 | processes. | |
129 | ||
130 | ll. Posix-mode shells now allow double quotes to quote the history expansion | |
131 | character. | |
132 | ||
133 | mm. OLDPWD can be inherited from the environment if it names a directory. | |
134 | ||
135 | nn. Shells running as root no longer inherit PS4 from the environment, closing | |
136 | a security hole involving PS4 expansion performing command substitution. | |
137 | ||
138 | oo. If executing an implicit `cd' when the `autocd' option is set, bash will | |
139 | now invoke a function named `cd' if one exists before executing the `cd' | |
140 | builtin. | |
141 | ||
142 | pp. Value conversions (arithmetic expansions, case modification, etc.) now | |
143 | happen when assigning elements of an array using compound assignment. | |
144 | ||
145 | qq. There is a new option settable in config-top.h that makes multiple | |
146 | directory arguments to `cd' a fatal error. | |
147 | ||
148 | rr. Bash now uses mktemp() when creating internal temporary files; it produces | |
149 | a warning at build time on many Linux systems. | |
150 | ||
151 | 2. New Features in Readline | |
152 | ||
153 | a. The history truncation code now uses the same error recovery mechansim as | |
154 | the history writing code, and restores the old version of the history file | |
155 | on error. The error recovery mechanism handles symlinked history files. | |
156 | ||
157 | b. There is a new bindable variable, `enable-bracketed-paste', which enables | |
158 | support for a terminal's bracketed paste mode. | |
159 | ||
160 | c. The editing mode indicators can now be strings and are user-settable | |
161 | (new `emacs-mode-string', `vi-cmd-mode-string' and `vi-ins-mode-string' | |
162 | variables). Mode strings can contain invisible character sequences. | |
163 | Setting mode strings to null strings restores the defaults. | |
164 | ||
165 | d. Prompt expansion adds the mode string to the last line of a multi-line | |
166 | prompt (one with embedded newlines). | |
167 | ||
168 | e. There is a new bindable variable, `colored-completion-prefix', which, if | |
169 | set, causes the common prefix of a set of possible completions to be | |
170 | displayed in color. | |
171 | ||
172 | f. There is a new bindable command `vi-yank-pop', a vi-mode version of emacs- | |
173 | mode yank-pop. | |
174 | ||
175 | g. The redisplay code underwent several efficiency improvements for multibyte | |
176 | locales. | |
177 | ||
178 | h. The insert-char function attempts to batch-insert all pending typeahead | |
179 | that maps to self-insert, as long as it is coming from the terminal. | |
180 | ||
181 | i. rl_callback_sigcleanup: a new application function that can clean up and | |
182 | unset any state set by readline's callback mode. Intended to be used | |
183 | after a signal. | |
184 | ||
185 | j. If an incremental search string has its last character removed with DEL, the | |
186 | resulting empty search string no longer matches the previous line. | |
187 | ||
188 | k. If readline reads a history file that begins with `#' (or the value of | |
189 | the history comment character) and has enabled history timestamps, the | |
190 | history entries are assumed to be delimited by timestamps. This allows | |
191 | multi-line history entries. | |
192 | ||
193 | l. Readline now throws an error if it parses a key binding without a | |
194 | terminating `:' or whitespace. | |
195 | ||
196 | m. The default binding for ^W in vi mode now uses word boundaries specified | |
197 | by Posix (vi-unix-word-rubout is bindable command name). | |
198 | ||
199 | n. rl_clear_visible_line: new application-callable function; clears all | |
200 | screen lines occupied by the current visible readline line. | |
201 | ||
202 | o. rl_tty_set_echoing: application-callable function that controls whether | |
203 | or not readline thinks it is echoing terminal output. | |
204 | ||
205 | p. Handle >| and strings of digits preceding and following redirection | |
206 | specifications as single tokens when tokenizing the line for history | |
207 | expansion. | |
208 | ||
209 | q. Fixed a bug with displaying completions when the prefix display length | |
210 | is greater than the length of the completions to be displayed. | |
211 | ||
212 | r. The :p history modifier now applies to the entire line, so any expansion | |
213 | specifying :p causes the line to be printed instead of expanded. | |
214 | ||
215 | s. New application-callable function: rl_pending_signal(): returns the signal | |
216 | number of any signal readline has caught but not yet handled. | |
217 | ||
218 | t. New application-settable variable: rl_persistent_signal_handlers: if set | |
219 | to a non-zero value, readline will enable the readline-6.2 signal handler | |
220 | behavior in callback mode: handlers are installed when | |
221 | rl_callback_handler_install is called and removed removed when a complete | |
222 | line has been read. | |
223 | ||
224 | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | |
ac50fbac CR |
225 | This is a terse description of the new features added to bash-4.3 since |
226 | the release of bash-4.2. As always, the manual page (doc/bash.1) is | |
227 | the place to look for complete descriptions. | |
228 | ||
229 | 1. New Features in Bash | |
230 | ||
231 | a. The `helptopic' completion action now maps to all the help topics, not just | |
232 | the shell builtins. | |
233 | ||
234 | b. The `help' builtin no longer does prefix substring matching first, so | |
235 | `help read' does not match `readonly', but will do it if exact string | |
236 | matching fails. | |
237 | ||
238 | c. The shell can be compiled to not display a message about processes that | |
239 | terminate due to SIGTERM. | |
240 | ||
241 | d. Non-interactive shells now react to the setting of checkwinsize and set | |
242 | LINES and COLUMNS after a foreground job exits. | |
243 | ||
244 | e. There is a new shell option, `globasciiranges', which, when set to on, | |
245 | forces globbing range comparisons to use character ordering as if they | |
246 | were run in the C locale. | |
247 | ||
248 | f. There is a new shell option, `direxpand', which makes filename completion | |
249 | expand variables in directory names in the way bash-4.1 did. | |
250 | ||
251 | g. In Posix mode, the `command' builtin does not change whether or not a | |
252 | builtin it shadows is treated as an assignment builtin. | |
253 | ||
254 | h. The `return' and `exit' builtins accept negative exit status arguments. | |
255 | ||
256 | i. The word completion code checks whether or not a filename containing a | |
257 | shell variable expands to a directory name and appends `/' to the word | |
258 | as appropriate. The same code expands shell variables in command names | |
259 | when performing command completion. | |
260 | ||
261 | j. In Posix mode, it is now an error to attempt to define a shell function | |
262 | with the same name as a Posix special builtin. | |
263 | ||
264 | k. When compiled for strict Posix conformance, history expansion is disabled | |
265 | by default. | |
266 | ||
267 | l. The history expansion character (!) does not cause history expansion when | |
268 | followed by the closing quote in a double-quoted string. | |
269 | ||
270 | m. `complete' and its siblings compgen/compopt now takes a new `-o noquote' | |
271 | option to inhibit quoting of the completions. | |
272 | ||
273 | n. Setting HISTSIZE to a value less than zero causes the history list to be | |
274 | unlimited (setting it 0 zero disables the history list). | |
275 | ||
276 | o. Setting HISTFILESIZE to a value less than zero causes the history file size | |
277 | to be unlimited (setting it to 0 causes the history file to be truncated | |
278 | to zero size). | |
279 | ||
280 | p. The `read' builtin now skips NUL bytes in the input. | |
281 | ||
282 | q. There is a new `bind -X' option to print all key sequences bound to Unix | |
283 | commands. | |
284 | ||
285 | r. When in Posix mode, `read' is interruptible by a trapped signal. After | |
286 | running the trap handler, read returns 128+signal and throws away any | |
287 | partially-read input. | |
288 | ||
289 | s. The command completion code skips whitespace and assignment statements | |
290 | before looking for the command name word to be completed. | |
291 | ||
292 | t. The build process has a new mechanism for constructing separate help files | |
293 | that better reflects the current set of compilation options. | |
294 | ||
295 | u. The -nt and -ot options to test now work with files with nanosecond | |
296 | timestamp resolution. | |
297 | ||
298 | v. The shell saves the command history in any shell for which history is | |
299 | enabled and HISTFILE is set, not just interactive shells. | |
300 | ||
301 | w. The shell has `nameref' variables and new -n(/+n) options to declare and | |
302 | unset to use them, and a `test -R' option to test for them. | |
303 | ||
304 | x. The shell now allows assigning, referencing, and unsetting elements of | |
305 | indexed arrays using negative subscripts (a[-1]=2, echo ${a[-1]}) which | |
306 | count back from the last element of the array. | |
307 | ||
308 | y. The {x}<word redirection feature now allows words like {array[ind]} and | |
309 | can use variables with special meanings to the shell (e.g., BASH_XTRACEFD). | |
310 | ||
311 | z. There is a new CHILD_MAX special shell variable; its value controls the | |
312 | number of exited child statues the shell remembers. | |
313 | ||
314 | aa. There is a new configuration option (--enable-direxpand-default) that | |
315 | causes the `direxpand' shell option to be enabled by default. | |
316 | ||
317 | bb. Bash does not do anything special to ensure that the file descriptor | |
318 | assigned to X in {x}<foo remains open after the block containing it | |
319 | completes. | |
320 | ||
321 | cc. The `wait' builtin has a new `-n' option to wait for the next child to | |
322 | change status. | |
323 | ||
324 | dd. The `printf' %(...)T format specifier now uses the current time if no | |
325 | argument is supplied. | |
326 | ||
327 | ee. There is a new variable, BASH_COMPAT, that controls the current shell | |
328 | compatibility level. | |
329 | ||
330 | ff. The `popd' builtin now treats additional arguments as errors. | |
331 | ||
332 | gg. The brace expansion code now treats a failed sequence expansion as a | |
333 | simple string and will continue to expand brace terms in the remainder | |
334 | of the word. | |
335 | ||
336 | hh. Shells started to run process substitutions now run any trap set on EXIT. | |
337 | ||
338 | ii. The fc builtin now interprets -0 as the current command line. | |
339 | ||
340 | jj. Completing directory names containing shell variables now adds a trailing | |
341 | slash if the expanded result is a directory. | |
342 | ||
343 | kk. `cd' has a new `-@' option to browse a file's extended attributes on | |
344 | systems that support O_XATTR. | |
345 | ||
346 | ll. The test/[/[[ `-v variable' binary operator now understands array | |
347 | references. | |
348 | ||
349 | 2. New Features in Readline | |
350 | ||
351 | a. Readline is now more responsive to SIGHUP and other fatal signals when | |
352 | reading input from the terminal or performing word completion but no | |
353 | longer attempts to run any not-allowable functions from a signal handler | |
354 | context. | |
355 | ||
356 | b. There are new bindable commands to search the history for the string of | |
357 | characters between the beginning of the line and the point | |
358 | (history-substring-search-forward, history-substring-search-backward) | |
359 | ||
360 | c. Readline allows quoted strings as the values of variables when setting | |
361 | them with `set'. As a side effect, trailing spaces and tabs are ignored | |
362 | when setting a string variable's value. | |
363 | ||
364 | d. The history library creates a backup of the history file when writing it | |
365 | and restores the backup on a write error. | |
366 | ||
367 | e. New application-settable variable: rl_filename_stat_hook: a function called | |
368 | with a filename before using it in a call to stat(2). Bash uses it to | |
369 | expand shell variables so things like $HOME/Downloads have a slash | |
370 | appended. | |
371 | ||
372 | f. New bindable function `print-last-kbd-macro', prints the most-recently- | |
373 | defined keyboard macro in a reusable format. | |
374 | ||
375 | g. New user-settable variable `colored-stats', enables use of colored text | |
376 | to denote file types when displaying possible completions (colored analog | |
377 | of visible-stats). | |
378 | ||
379 | h. New user-settable variable `keyseq-timout', acts as an inter-character | |
380 | timeout when reading input or incremental search strings. | |
381 | ||
382 | i. New application-callable function: rl_clear_history. Clears the history list | |
383 | and frees all readline-associated private data. | |
384 | ||
385 | j. New user-settable variable, show-mode-in-prompt, adds a characters to the | |
386 | beginning of the prompt indicating the current editing mode. | |
387 | ||
388 | k. New application-settable variable: rl_input_available_hook; function to be | |
389 | called when readline detects there is data available on its input file | |
390 | descriptor. | |
391 | ||
392 | l. Readline calls an application-set event hook (rl_event_hook) after it gets | |
393 | a signal while reading input (read returns -1/EINTR but readline does not | |
394 | handle the signal immediately) to allow the application to handle or | |
395 | otherwise note it. | |
396 | ||
397 | m. If the user-settable variable `history-size' is set to a value less than | |
398 | 0, the history list size is unlimited. | |
399 | ||
400 | n. New application-settable variable: rl_signal_event_hook; function that is | |
401 | called when readline is reading terminal input and read(2) is interrupted | |
402 | by a signal. Currently not called for SIGHUP or SIGTERM. | |
403 | ||
404 | o. rl_change_environment: new application-settable variable that controls | |
405 | whether or not Readline modifies the environment (currently readline | |
406 | modifies only LINES and COLUMNS). | |
407 | ||
408 | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | |
495aee44 CR |
409 | This is a terse description of the new features added to bash-4.2 since |
410 | the release of bash-4.1. As always, the manual page (doc/bash.1) is | |
411 | the place to look for complete descriptions. | |
412 | ||
413 | 1. New Features in Bash | |
414 | ||
415 | a. `exec -a foo' now sets $0 to `foo' in an executable shell script without a | |
416 | leading #!. | |
417 | ||
418 | b. Subshells begun to execute command substitutions or run shell functions or | |
419 | builtins in subshells do not reset trap strings until a new trap is | |
420 | specified. This allows $(trap) to display the caller's traps and the | |
421 | trap strings to persist until a new trap is set. | |
422 | ||
423 | c. `trap -p' will now show signals ignored at shell startup, though their | |
424 | disposition still cannot be modified. | |
425 | ||
426 | d. $'...', echo, and printf understand \uXXXX and \UXXXXXXXX escape sequences. | |
427 | ||
428 | e. declare/typeset has a new `-g' option, which creates variables in the | |
429 | global scope even when run in a shell function. | |
430 | ||
431 | f. test/[/[[ have a new -v variable unary operator, which returns success if | |
432 | `variable' has been set. | |
433 | ||
434 | g. Posix parsing changes to allow `! time command' and multiple consecutive | |
435 | instances of `!' (which toggle) and `time' (which have no cumulative | |
436 | effect). | |
437 | ||
438 | h. Posix change to allow `time' as a command by itself to print the elapsed | |
439 | user, system, and real times for the shell and its children. | |
440 | ||
441 | j. $((...)) is always parsed as an arithmetic expansion first, instead of as | |
442 | a potential nested command substitution, as Posix requires. | |
443 | ||
444 | k. A new FUNCNEST variable to allow the user to control the maximum shell | |
445 | function nesting (recursive execution) level. | |
446 | ||
447 | l. The mapfile builtin now supplies a third argument to the callback command: | |
448 | the line about to be assigned to the supplied array index. | |
449 | ||
450 | m. The printf builtin has a new %(fmt)T specifier, which allows time values | |
451 | to use strftime-like formatting. | |
452 | ||
453 | n. There is a new `compat41' shell option. | |
454 | ||
455 | o. The cd builtin has a new Posix-mandated `-e' option. | |
456 | ||
457 | p. Negative subscripts to indexed arrays, previously errors, now are treated | |
458 | as offsets from the maximum assigned index + 1. | |
459 | ||
460 | q. Negative length specifications in the ${var:offset:length} expansion, | |
461 | previously errors, are now treated as offsets from the end of the variable. | |
462 | ||
463 | r. Parsing change to allow `time -p --'. | |
464 | ||
465 | s. Posix-mode parsing change to not recognize `time' as a keyword if the | |
466 | following token begins with a `-'. This means no more Posix-mode | |
467 | `time -p'. Posix interpretation 267. | |
468 | ||
469 | t. There is a new `lastpipe' shell option that runs the last command of a | |
470 | pipeline in the current shell context. The lastpipe option has no | |
471 | effect if job control is enabled. | |
472 | ||
473 | u. History expansion no longer expands the `$!' variable expansion. | |
474 | ||
475 | v. Posix mode shells no longer exit if a variable assignment error occurs | |
476 | with an assignment preceding a command that is not a special builtin. | |
477 | ||
478 | w. Non-interactive mode shells exit if -u is enabled and an attempt is made | |
479 | to use an unset variable with the % or # expansions, the `//', `^', or | |
480 | `,' expansions, or the parameter length expansion. | |
481 | ||
482 | x. Posix-mode shells use the argument passed to `.' as-is if a $PATH search | |
483 | fails, effectively searching the current directory. Posix-2008 change. | |
484 | ||
485 | 2. New Features in Readline | |
486 | ||
487 | a. The history library does not try to write the history filename in the | |
488 | current directory if $HOME is unset. This closes a potential security | |
489 | problem if the application does not specify a history filename. | |
490 | ||
491 | b. New bindable variable `completion-display-width' to set the number of | |
492 | columns used when displaying completions. | |
493 | ||
494 | c. New bindable variable `completion-case-map' to cause case-insensitive | |
495 | completion to treat `-' and `_' as identical. | |
496 | ||
497 | d. There are new bindable vi-mode command names to avoid readline's case- | |
498 | insensitive matching not allowing them to be bound separately. | |
499 | ||
500 | e. New bindable variable `menu-complete-display-prefix' causes the menu | |
501 | completion code to display the common prefix of the possible completions | |
502 | before cycling through the list, instead of after. | |
503 | ||
504 | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | |
0001803f CR |
505 | This is a terse description of the new features added to bash-4.1 since |
506 | the release of bash-4.0. As always, the manual page (doc/bash.1) is | |
507 | the place to look for complete descriptions. | |
508 | ||
509 | 1. New Features in Bash | |
510 | ||
511 | a. Here-documents within $(...) command substitutions may once more be | |
512 | delimited by the closing right paren, instead of requiring a newline. | |
513 | ||
514 | b. Bash's file status checks (executable, readable, etc.) now take file | |
515 | system ACLs into account on file systems that support them. | |
516 | ||
517 | c. Bash now passes environment variables with names that are not valid | |
518 | shell variable names through into the environment passed to child | |
519 | processes. | |
520 | ||
521 | d. The `execute-unix-command' readline function now attempts to clear and | |
522 | reuse the current line rather than move to a new one after the command | |
523 | executes. | |
524 | ||
525 | e. `printf -v' can now assign values to array indices. | |
526 | ||
527 | f. New `complete -E' and `compopt -E' options that work on the "empty" | |
528 | completion: completion attempted on an empty command line. | |
529 | ||
530 | g. New complete/compgen/compopt -D option to define a `default' completion: | |
531 | a completion to be invoked on command for which no completion has been | |
532 | defined. If this function returns 124, programmable completion is | |
533 | attempted again, allowing a user to dynamically build a set of completions | |
534 | as completion is attempted by having the default completion function | |
535 | install individual completion functions each time it is invoked. | |
536 | ||
537 | h. When displaying associative arrays, subscripts are now quoted. | |
538 | ||
539 | i. Changes to dabbrev-expand to make it more `emacs-like': no space appended | |
540 | after matches, completions are not sorted, and most recent history entries | |
541 | are presented first. | |
542 | ||
543 | j. The [[ and (( commands are now subject to the setting of `set -e' and the | |
544 | ERR trap. | |
545 | ||
546 | k. The source/. builtin now removes NUL bytes from the file before attempting | |
547 | to parse commands. | |
548 | ||
549 | l. There is a new configuration option (in config-top.h) that forces bash to | |
550 | forward all history entries to syslog. | |
551 | ||
552 | m. A new variable $BASHOPTS to export shell options settable using `shopt' to | |
553 | child processes. | |
554 | ||
555 | n. There is a new confgure option that forces the extglob option to be | |
556 | enabled by default. | |
557 | ||
558 | o. New variable $BASH_XTRACEFD; when set to an integer bash will write xtrace | |
559 | output to that file descriptor. | |
560 | ||
561 | p. If the optional left-hand-side of a redirection is of the form {var}, the | |
562 | shell assigns the file descriptor used to $var or uses $var as the file | |
563 | descriptor to move or close, depending on the redirection operator. | |
564 | ||
565 | q. The < and > operators to the [[ conditional command now do string | |
566 | comparison according to the current locale if the compatibility level | |
567 | is greater than 40. | |
568 | ||
569 | r. Programmable completion now uses the completion for `b' instead of `a' | |
570 | when completion is attempted on a line like: a $(b c. | |
571 | ||
572 | s. Force extglob on temporarily when parsing the pattern argument to | |
573 | the == and != operators to the [[ command, for compatibility. | |
574 | ||
575 | t. Changed the behavior of interrupting the wait builtin when a SIGCHLD is | |
576 | received and a trap on SIGCHLD is set to be Posix-mode only. | |
577 | ||
578 | u. The read builtin has a new `-N nchars' option, which reads exactly NCHARS | |
579 | characters, ignoring delimiters like newline. | |
580 | ||
581 | v. The mapfile/readarray builtin no longer stores the commands it invokes via | |
582 | callbacks in the history list. | |
583 | ||
584 | w. There is a new `compat40' shopt option. | |
585 | ||
586 | 2. New Features in Readline | |
587 | ||
588 | a. New bindable function: menu-complete-backward. | |
589 | ||
590 | b. In the vi insertion keymap, C-n is now bound to menu-complete by default, | |
591 | and C-p to menu-complete-backward. | |
592 | ||
593 | c. When in vi command mode, repeatedly hitting ESC now does nothing, even | |
594 | when ESC introduces a bound key sequence. This is closer to how | |
595 | historical vi behaves. | |
596 | ||
597 | d. New bindable function: skip-csi-sequence. Can be used as a default to | |
598 | consume key sequences generated by keys like Home and End without having | |
599 | to bind all keys. | |
600 | ||
601 | e. New application-settable function: rl_filename_rewrite_hook. Can be used | |
602 | to rewite or modify filenames read from the file system before they are | |
603 | compared to the word to be completed. | |
604 | ||
605 | f. New bindable variable: skip-completed-text, active when completing in the | |
606 | middle of a word. If enabled, it means that characters in the completion | |
607 | that match characters in the remainder of the word are "skipped" rather | |
608 | than inserted into the line. | |
609 | ||
610 | g. The pre-readline-6.0 version of menu completion is available as | |
611 | "old-menu-complete" for users who do not like the readline-6.0 version. | |
612 | ||
613 | h. New bindable variable: echo-control-characters. If enabled, and the | |
614 | tty ECHOCTL bit is set, controls the echoing of characters corresponding | |
615 | to keyboard-generated signals. | |
616 | ||
617 | i. New bindable variable: enable-meta-key. Controls whether or not readline | |
618 | sends the smm/rmm sequences if the terminal indicates it has a meta key | |
619 | that enables eight-bit characters. | |
620 | ||
621 | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | |
3185942a JA |
622 | This is a terse description of the new features added to bash-4.0 since |
623 | the release of bash-3.2. As always, the manual page (doc/bash.1) is | |
624 | the place to look for complete descriptions. | |
625 | ||
626 | 1. New Features in Bash | |
627 | ||
628 | a. When using substring expansion on the positional parameters, a starting | |
629 | index of 0 now causes $0 to be prefixed to the list. | |
630 | ||
631 | b. The `help' builtin now prints its columns with entries sorted vertically | |
632 | rather than horizontally. | |
633 | ||
634 | c. There is a new variable, $BASHPID, which always returns the process id of | |
635 | the current shell. | |
636 | ||
637 | d. There is a new `autocd' option that, when enabled, causes bash to attempt | |
638 | to `cd' to a directory name that is supplied as the first word of a | |
639 | simple command. | |
640 | ||
641 | e. There is a new `checkjobs' option that causes the shell to check for and | |
642 | report any running or stopped jobs at exit. | |
643 | ||
644 | f. The programmable completion code exports a new COMP_TYPE variable, set to | |
645 | a character describing the type of completion being attempted. | |
646 | ||
647 | g. The programmable completion code exports a new COMP_KEY variable, set to | |
648 | the character that caused the completion to be invoked (e.g., TAB). | |
649 | ||
650 | h. If creation of a child process fails due to insufficient resources, bash | |
651 | will try again several times before reporting failure. | |
652 | ||
653 | i. The programmable completion code now uses the same set of characters as | |
654 | readline when breaking the command line into a list of words. | |
655 | ||
656 | j. The block multiplier for the ulimit -c and -f options is now 512 when in | |
657 | Posix mode, as Posix specifies. | |
658 | ||
659 | k. Changed the behavior of the read builtin to save any partial input received | |
660 | in the specified variable when the read builtin times out. This also | |
661 | results in variables specified as arguments to read to be set to the empty | |
662 | string when there is no input available. When the read builtin times out, | |
663 | it returns an exit status greater than 128. | |
664 | ||
665 | l. The shell now has the notion of a `compatibility level', controlled by | |
666 | new variables settable by `shopt'. Setting this variable currently | |
667 | restores the bash-3.1 behavior when processing quoted strings on the rhs | |
668 | of the `=~' operator to the `[[' command. | |
669 | ||
670 | m. The `ulimit' builtin now has new -b (socket buffer size) and -T (number | |
671 | of threads) options. | |
672 | ||
673 | n. The -p option to `declare' now displays all variable values and attributes | |
674 | (or function values and attributes if used with -f). | |
675 | ||
676 | o. There is a new `compopt' builtin that allows completion functions to modify | |
677 | completion options for existing completions or the completion currently | |
678 | being executed. | |
679 | ||
680 | p. The `read' builtin has a new -i option which inserts text into the reply | |
681 | buffer when using readline. | |
682 | ||
683 | q. A new `-E' option to the complete builtin allows control of the default | |
684 | behavior for completion on an empty line. | |
685 | ||
686 | r. There is now limited support for completing command name words containing | |
687 | globbing characters. | |
688 | ||
689 | s. Changed format of internal help documentation for all builtins to roughly | |
690 | follow man page format. | |
691 | ||
692 | t. The `help' builtin now has a new -d option, to display a short description, | |
693 | and a -m option, to print help information in a man page-like format. | |
694 | ||
695 | u. There is a new `mapfile' builtin to populate an array with lines from a | |
17345e5a | 696 | given file. The name `readarray' is a synonym. |
3185942a JA |
697 | |
698 | v. If a command is not found, the shell attempts to execute a shell function | |
699 | named `command_not_found_handle', supplying the command words as the | |
700 | function arguments. | |
701 | ||
702 | w. There is a new shell option: `globstar'. When enabled, the globbing code | |
703 | treats `**' specially -- it matches all directories (and files within | |
704 | them, when appropriate) recursively. | |
705 | ||
706 | x. There is a new shell option: `dirspell'. When enabled, the filename | |
707 | completion code performs spelling correction on directory names during | |
708 | completion. | |
709 | ||
710 | y. The `-t' option to the `read' builtin now supports fractional timeout | |
711 | values. | |
712 | ||
713 | z. Brace expansion now allows zero-padding of expanded numeric values and | |
714 | will add the proper number of zeroes to make sure all values contain the | |
715 | same number of digits. | |
716 | ||
717 | aa. There is a new bash-specific bindable readline function: `dabbrev-expand'. | |
718 | It uses menu completion on a set of words taken from the history list. | |
719 | ||
720 | bb. The command assigned to a key sequence with `bind -x' now sets two new | |
721 | variables in the environment of the executed command: READLINE_LINE_BUFFER | |
722 | and READLINE_POINT. The command can change the current readline line | |
723 | and cursor position by modifying READLINE_LINE_BUFFER and READLINE_POINT, | |
724 | respectively. | |
725 | ||
17345e5a | 726 | cc. There is a new &>> redirection operator, which appends the standard output |
3185942a JA |
727 | and standard error to the named file. |
728 | ||
729 | dd. The parser now understands `|&' as a synonym for `2>&1 |', which redirects | |
730 | the standard error for a command through a pipe. | |
731 | ||
732 | ee. The new `;&' case statement action list terminator causes execution to | |
733 | continue with the action associated with the next pattern in the | |
734 | statement rather than terminating the command. | |
735 | ||
736 | ff. The new `;;&' case statement action list terminator causes the shell to | |
737 | test the next set of patterns after completing execution of the current | |
738 | action, rather than terminating the command. | |
739 | ||
740 | gg. The shell understands a new variable: PROMPT_DIRTRIM. When set to an | |
741 | integer value greater than zero, prompt expansion of \w and \W will | |
742 | retain only that number of trailing pathname components and replace | |
743 | the intervening characters with `...'. | |
744 | ||
745 | hh. There are new case-modifying word expansions: uppercase (^[^]) and | |
746 | lowercase (,[,]). They can work on either the first character or | |
747 | array element, or globally. They accept an optional shell pattern | |
748 | that determines which characters to modify. There is an optionally- | |
749 | configured feature to include capitalization operators. | |
750 | ||
751 | ii. The shell provides associative array variables, with the appropriate | |
752 | support to create, delete, assign values to, and expand them. | |
753 | ||
754 | jj. The `declare' builtin now has new -l (convert value to lowercase upon | |
755 | assignment) and -u (convert value to uppercase upon assignment) options. | |
756 | There is an optionally-configurable -c option to capitalize a value at | |
757 | assignment. | |
758 | ||
759 | kk. There is a new `coproc' reserved word that specifies a coprocess: an | |
760 | asynchronous command run with two pipes connected to the creating shell. | |
761 | Coprocs can be named. The input and output file descriptors and the | |
762 | PID of the coprocess are available to the calling shell in variables | |
763 | with coproc-specific names. | |
764 | ||
765 | ll. A value of 0 for the -t option to `read' now returns success if there is | |
766 | input available to be read from the specified file descriptor. | |
767 | ||
768 | mm. CDPATH and GLOBIGNORE are ignored when the shell is running in privileged | |
769 | mode. | |
770 | ||
771 | nn. New bindable readline functions shell-forward-word and shell-backward-word, | |
772 | which move forward and backward words delimited by shell metacharacters | |
773 | and honor shell quoting. | |
774 | ||
775 | oo. New bindable readline functions shell-backward-kill-word and shell-kill-word | |
776 | which kill words backward and forward, but use the same word boundaries | |
777 | as shell-forward-word and shell-backward-word. | |
778 | ||
779 | 2. New Features in Readline | |
780 | ||
781 | a. A new variable, rl_sort_completion_matches; allows applications to inhibit | |
782 | match list sorting (but beware: some things don't work right if | |
783 | applications do this). | |
784 | ||
785 | b. A new variable, rl_completion_invoking_key; allows applications to discover | |
786 | the key that invoked rl_complete or rl_menu_complete. | |
787 | ||
788 | c. The functions rl_block_sigint and rl_release_sigint are now public and | |
789 | available to calling applications who want to protect critical sections | |
790 | (like redisplay). | |
791 | ||
792 | d. The functions rl_save_state and rl_restore_state are now public and | |
793 | available to calling applications; documented rest of readline's state | |
794 | flag values. | |
795 | ||
796 | e. A new user-settable variable, `history-size', allows setting the maximum | |
797 | number of entries in the history list. | |
798 | ||
799 | f. There is a new implementation of menu completion, with several improvements | |
800 | over the old; the most notable improvement is a better `completions | |
801 | browsing' mode. | |
802 | ||
803 | g. The menu completion code now uses the rl_menu_completion_entry_function | |
804 | variable, allowing applications to provide their own menu completion | |
805 | generators. | |
806 | ||
807 | h. There is support for replacing a prefix of a pathname with a `...' when | |
808 | displaying possible completions. This is controllable by setting the | |
809 | `completion-prefix-display-length' variable. Matches with a common prefix | |
810 | longer than this value have the common prefix replaced with `...'. | |
811 | ||
812 | i. There is a new `revert-all-at-newline' variable. If enabled, readline will | |
813 | undo all outstanding changes to all history lines when `accept-line' is | |
814 | executed. | |
815 | ||
816 | j. If the kernel supports it, readline displays special characters | |
817 | corresponding to a keyboard-generated signal when the signal is received. | |
818 | ||
819 | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | |
0628567a JA |
820 | This is a terse description of the new features added to bash-3.2 since |
821 | the release of bash-3.1. As always, the manual page (doc/bash.1) is | |
822 | the place to look for complete descriptions. | |
823 | ||
824 | 1. New Features in Bash | |
825 | ||
826 | a. Changed the parameter pattern replacement functions to not anchor the | |
827 | pattern at the beginning of the string if doing global replacement - that | |
828 | combination doesn't make any sense. | |
829 | ||
830 | b. When running in `word expansion only' mode (--wordexp option), inhibit | |
831 | process substitution. | |
832 | ||
833 | c. Loadable builtins now work on MacOS X 10.[34]. | |
834 | ||
835 | d. Shells running in posix mode no longer set $HOME, as POSIX requires. | |
836 | ||
837 | e. The code that checks for binary files being executed as shell scripts now | |
838 | checks only for NUL rather than any non-printing character. | |
839 | ||
840 | f. Quoting the string argument to the [[ command's =~ operator now forces | |
841 | string matching, as with the other pattern-matching operators. | |
842 | ||
843 | 2. New Features in Readline | |
844 | ||
845 | a. Calling applications can now set the keyboard timeout to 0, allowing | |
846 | poll-like behavior. | |
847 | ||
848 | b. The value of SYS_INPUTRC (configurable at compilation time) is now used as | |
849 | the default last-ditch startup file. | |
850 | ||
851 | c. The history file reading functions now allow windows-like \r\n line | |
852 | terminators. | |
853 | ||
854 | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | |
95732b49 JA |
855 | This is a terse description of the new features added to bash-3.1 since |
856 | the release of bash-3.0. As always, the manual page (doc/bash.1) is | |
857 | the place to look for complete descriptions. | |
858 | ||
859 | 1. New Features in Bash | |
860 | ||
861 | a. Bash now understands LC_TIME as a special variable so that time display | |
862 | tracks the current locale. | |
863 | ||
864 | b. BASH_ARGC, BASH_ARGV, BASH_SOURCE, and BASH_LINENO are no longer created | |
865 | as `invisible' variables and may not be unset. | |
866 | ||
867 | c. In POSIX mode, if `xpg_echo' option is enabled, the `echo' builtin doesn't | |
868 | try to interpret any options at all, as POSIX requires. | |
869 | ||
870 | d. The `bg' builtin now accepts multiple arguments, as POSIX seems to specify. | |
871 | ||
872 | e. Fixed vi-mode word completion and glob expansion to perform tilde | |
873 | expansion. | |
874 | ||
875 | f. The `**' mathematic exponentiation operator is now right-associative. | |
876 | ||
877 | g. The `ulimit' builtin has new options: -i (max number of pending signals), | |
878 | -q (max size of POSIX message queues), and -x (max number of file locks). | |
879 | ||
880 | h. A bare `%' once again expands to the current job when used as a job | |
881 | specifier. | |
882 | ||
883 | i. The `+=' assignment operator (append to the value of a string or array) is | |
884 | now supported for assignment statements and arguments to builtin commands | |
885 | that accept assignment statements. | |
886 | ||
887 | j. BASH_COMMAND now preserves its value when a DEBUG trap is executed. | |
888 | ||
889 | k. The `gnu_errfmt' option is enabled automatically if the shell is running | |
890 | in an emacs terminal window. | |
891 | ||
892 | l. New configuration option: --single-help-strings. Causes long help text | |
893 | to be written as a single string; intended to ease translation. | |
894 | ||
895 | m. The COMP_WORDBREAKS variable now causes the list of word break characters | |
896 | to be emptied when the variable is unset. | |
897 | ||
898 | n. An unquoted expansion of $* when $IFS is empty now causes the positional | |
899 | parameters to be concatenated if the expansion doesn't undergo word | |
900 | splitting. | |
901 | ||
902 | o. Bash now inherits $_ from the environment if it appears there at startup. | |
903 | ||
904 | p. New shell option: nocasematch. If non-zero, shell pattern matching ignores | |
905 | case when used by `case' and `[[' commands. | |
906 | ||
907 | q. The `printf' builtin takes a new option: -v var. That causes the output | |
908 | to be placed into var instead of on stdout. | |
909 | ||
910 | r. By default, the shell no longer reports processes dying from SIGPIPE. | |
911 | ||
912 | s. Bash now sets the extern variable `environ' to the export environment it | |
913 | creates, so C library functions that call getenv() (and can't use the | |
914 | shell-provided replacement) get current values of environment variables. | |
915 | ||
916 | t. A new configuration option, `--enable-strict-posix-default', which will | |
917 | build bash to be POSIX conforming by default. | |
918 | ||
919 | u. If compiled for strict POSIX conformance, LINES and COLUMNS may now | |
920 | override the true terminal size. | |
921 | ||
922 | 2. New Features in Readline | |
923 | ||
924 | a. The key sequence sent by the keypad `delete' key is now automatically | |
925 | bound to delete-char. | |
926 | ||
927 | b. A negative argument to menu-complete now cycles backward through the | |
928 | completion list. | |
929 | ||
930 | c. A new bindable readline variable: bind-tty-special-chars. If non-zero, | |
931 | readline will bind the terminal special characters to their readline | |
932 | equivalents when it's called (on by default). | |
933 | ||
934 | d. New bindable command: vi-rubout. Saves deleted text for possible | |
935 | reinsertion, as with any vi-mode `text modification' command; `X' is bound | |
936 | to this in vi command mode. | |
937 | ||
938 | e. A new external application-controllable variable that allows the LINES | |
939 | and COLUMNS environment variables to set the window size regardless of | |
940 | what the kernel returns: rl_prefer_env_winsize | |
941 | ||
942 | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | |
b80f6443 JA |
943 | This is a terse description of the new features added to bash-3.0 since |
944 | the release of bash-2.05b. As always, the manual page (doc/bash.1) is | |
945 | the place to look for complete descriptions. | |
946 | ||
947 | 1. New Features in Bash | |
948 | ||
949 | a. ANSI string expansion now implements the \x{hexdigits} escape. | |
950 | ||
951 | b. There is a new loadable `strftime' builtin. | |
952 | ||
953 | c. New variable, COMP_WORDBREAKS, which controls the readline completer's | |
954 | idea of word break characters. | |
955 | ||
956 | d. The `type' builtin no longer reports on aliases unless alias expansion | |
957 | will actually be performed. | |
958 | ||
959 | e. HISTCONTROL is now a colon-separated list of values, which permits | |
960 | more extensibility and backwards compatibility. | |
961 | ||
962 | f. HISTCONTROL may now include the `erasedups' option, which causes all lines | |
963 | matching a line being added to be removed from the history list. | |
964 | ||
965 | g. `configure' has a new `--enable-multibyte' argument that permits multibyte | |
966 | character support to be disabled even on systems that support it. | |
967 | ||
968 | h. New variables to support the bash debugger: BASH_ARGC, BASH_ARGV, | |
969 | BASH_SOURCE, BASH_LINENO, BASH_SUBSHELL, BASH_EXECUTION_STRING, | |
970 | BASH_COMMAND | |
971 | ||
972 | i. FUNCNAME has been changed to support the debugger: it's now an array | |
973 | variable. | |
974 | ||
975 | j. for, case, select, arithmetic commands now keep line number information | |
976 | for the debugger. | |
977 | ||
978 | k. There is a new `RETURN' trap executed when a function or sourced script | |
979 | returns (not inherited child processes; inherited by command substitution | |
980 | if function tracing is enabled and the debugger is active). | |
981 | ||
982 | l. New invocation option: --debugger. Enables debugging and turns on new | |
983 | `extdebug' shell option. | |
984 | ||
985 | m. New `functrace' and `errtrace' options to `set -o' cause DEBUG and ERR | |
986 | traps, respectively, to be inherited by shell functions. Equivalent to | |
987 | `set -T' and `set -E' respectively. The `functrace' option also controls | |
988 | whether or not the DEBUG trap is inherited by sourced scripts. | |
989 | ||
990 | n. The DEBUG trap is run before binding the variable and running the action | |
991 | list in a `for' command, binding the selection variable and running the | |
992 | query in a `select' command, and before attempting a match in a `case' | |
993 | command. | |
994 | ||
995 | o. New `--enable-debugger' option to `configure' to compile in the debugger | |
996 | support code. | |
997 | ||
998 | p. `declare -F' now prints out extra line number and source file information | |
999 | if the `extdebug' option is set. | |
1000 | ||
1001 | q. If `extdebug' is enabled, a non-zero return value from a DEBUG trap causes | |
1002 | the next command to be skipped, and a return value of 2 while in a | |
1003 | function or sourced script forces a `return'. | |
1004 | ||
1005 | r. New `caller' builtin to provide a call stack for the bash debugger. | |
1006 | ||
1007 | s. The DEBUG trap is run just before the first command in a function body is | |
1008 | executed, for the debugger. | |
1009 | ||
1010 | t. `for', `select', and `case' command heads are printed when `set -x' is | |
1011 | enabled. | |
1012 | ||
1013 | u. There is a new {x..y} brace expansion, which is shorthand for {x.x+1, | |
1014 | x+2,...,y}. x and y can be integers or single characters; the sequence | |
1015 | may ascend or descend; the increment is always 1. | |
1016 | ||
1017 | v. New ksh93-like ${!array[@]} expansion, expands to all the keys (indices) | |
1018 | of array. | |
1019 | ||
1020 | w. New `force_fignore' shopt option; if enabled, suffixes specified by | |
1021 | FIGNORE cause words to be ignored when performing word completion even | |
1022 | if they're the only possibilities. | |
1023 | ||
1024 | x. New `gnu_errfmt' shopt option; if enabled, error messages follow the `gnu | |
1025 | style' (filename:lineno:message) format. | |
1026 | ||
1027 | y. New `-o bashdefault' option to complete and compgen; if set, causes the | |
1028 | whole set of bash completions to be performed if the compspec doesn't | |
1029 | result in a match. | |
1030 | ||
1031 | z. New `-o plusdirs' option to complete and compgen; if set, causes directory | |
1032 | name completion to be performed and the results added to the rest of the | |
1033 | possible completions. | |
1034 | ||
1035 | aa. `kill' is available as a builtin even when the shell is built without | |
1036 | job control. | |
1037 | ||
1038 | bb. New HISTTIMEFORMAT variable; value is a format string to pass to | |
1039 | strftime(3). If set and not null, the `history' builtin prints out | |
1040 | timestamp information according to the specified format when displaying | |
1041 | history entries. If set, bash tells the history library to write out | |
1042 | timestamp information when the history file is written. | |
1043 | ||
1044 | cc. The [[ ... ]] command has a new binary `=~' operator that performs | |
1045 | extended regular expression (egrep-like) matching. | |
1046 | ||
1047 | dd. `configure' has a new `--enable-cond-regexp' option (enabled by default) | |
1048 | to enable the =~ operator and regexp matching in [[ ... ]]. | |
1049 | ||
1050 | ee. Subexpressions matched by the =~ operator are placed in the new | |
1051 | BASH_REMATCH array variable. | |
1052 | ||
1053 | ff. New `failglob' option that causes an expansion error when pathname | |
1054 | expansion fails to produce a match. | |
1055 | ||
1056 | gg. New `set -o pipefail' option that causes a pipeline to return a failure | |
1057 | status if any of the processes in the pipeline fail, not just the last | |
1058 | one. | |
1059 | ||
1060 | hh. printf builtin understands two new escape sequences: \" and \?. | |
1061 | ||
1062 | ii. `echo -e' understands two new escape sequences: \" and \?. | |
1063 | ||
1064 | jj. The GNU `gettext' package and libintl have been integrated; the shell's | |
1065 | messages can be translated into different languages. | |
1066 | ||
1067 | kk. The `\W' prompt expansion now abbreviates $HOME as `~', like `\w'. | |
1068 | ||
1069 | ll. The error message printed when bash cannot open a shell script supplied | |
1070 | as argument 1 now includes the name of the shell, to better identify | |
1071 | the error as coming from bash. | |
1072 | ||
1073 | mm. The parameter pattern removal and substitution expansions are now much | |
1074 | faster and more efficient when using multibyte characters. | |
1075 | ||
1076 | nn. The `jobs', `kill', and `wait' builtins now accept job control notation | |
1077 | even if job control is not enabled. | |
1078 | ||
1079 | oo. The historical behavior of `trap' that allows a missing `action' argument | |
1080 | to cause each specified signal's handling to be reset to its default is | |
1081 | now only supported when `trap' is given a single non-option argument. | |
1082 | ||
1083 | 2. New Features in Readline | |
1084 | ||
1085 | a. History expansion has a new `a' modifier equivalent to the `g' modifier | |
1086 | for compatibility with the BSD csh. | |
1087 | ||
1088 | b. History expansion has a new `G' modifier equivalent to the BSD csh `g' | |
1089 | modifier, which performs a substitution once per word. | |
1090 | ||
1091 | c. All non-incremental search operations may now undo the operation of | |
1092 | replacing the current line with the history line. | |
1093 | ||
1094 | d. The text inserted by an `a' command in vi mode can be reinserted with | |
1095 | `.'. | |
1096 | ||
1097 | e. New bindable variable, `show-all-if-unmodified'. If set, the readline | |
1098 | completer will list possible completions immediately if there is more | |
1099 | than one completion and partial completion cannot be performed. | |
1100 | ||
1101 | f. There is a new application-callable `free_history_entry()' function. | |
1102 | ||
1103 | g. History list entries now contain timestamp information; the history file | |
1104 | functions know how to read and write timestamp information associated | |
1105 | with each entry. | |
1106 | ||
1107 | h. Four new key binding functions have been added: | |
1108 | ||
1109 | rl_bind_key_if_unbound() | |
1110 | rl_bind_key_if_unbound_in_map() | |
1111 | rl_bind_keyseq_if_unbound() | |
1112 | rl_bind_keyseq_if_unbound_in_map() | |
1113 | ||
1114 | i. New application variable, rl_completion_quote_character, set to any | |
1115 | quote character readline finds before it calls the application completion | |
1116 | function. | |
1117 | ||
1118 | j. New application variable, rl_completion_suppress_quote, settable by an | |
1119 | application completion function. If set to non-zero, readline does not | |
1120 | attempt to append a closing quote to a completed word. | |
1121 | ||
1122 | k. New application variable, rl_completion_found_quote, set to a non-zero | |
1123 | value if readline determines that the word to be completed is quoted. | |
1124 | Set before readline calls any application completion function. | |
1125 | ||
1126 | l. New function hook, rl_completion_word_break_hook, called when readline | |
1127 | needs to break a line into words when completion is attempted. Allows | |
1128 | the word break characters to vary based on position in the line. | |
1129 | ||
1130 | m. New bindable command: unix-filename-rubout. Does the same thing as | |
1131 | unix-word-rubout, but adds `/' to the set of word delimiters. | |
1132 | ||
1133 | n. When listing completions, directories have a `/' appended if the | |
1134 | `mark-directories' option has been enabled. | |
1135 | ||
1136 | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | |
7117c2d2 JA |
1137 | This is a terse description of the new features added to bash-2.05b since |
1138 | the release of bash-2.05a. As always, the manual page (doc/bash.1) is | |
1139 | the place to look for complete descriptions. | |
1140 | ||
1141 | 1. New Features in Bash | |
1142 | ||
1143 | a. If set, TMOUT is the default timeout for the `read' builtin. | |
1144 | ||
1145 | b. `type' has two new options: `-f' suppresses shell function lookup, and | |
1146 | `-P' forces a $PATH search. | |
1147 | ||
1148 | c. New code to handle multibyte characters. | |
1149 | ||
1150 | d. `select' was changed to be more ksh-compatible, in that the menu is | |
1151 | reprinted each time through the loop only if REPLY is set to NULL. | |
1152 | The previous behavior is available as a compile-time option. | |
1153 | ||
1154 | e. `complete -d' and `complete -o dirnames' now force a slash to be | |
1155 | appended to names which are symlinks to directories. | |
1156 | ||
1157 | f. There is now a bindable edit-and-execute-command readline command, | |
1158 | like the vi-mode `v' command, bound to C-xC-e in emacs mode. | |
1159 | ||
1160 | g. Added support for ksh93-like [:word:] character class in pattern matching. | |
1161 | ||
1162 | h. The $'...' quoting construct now expands \cX to Control-X. | |
1163 | ||
1164 | i. A new \D{...} prompt expansion; passes the `...' to strftime and inserts | |
1165 | the result into the expanded prompt. | |
1166 | ||
1167 | j. The shell now performs arithmetic in the largest integer size the | |
1168 | machine supports (intmax_t), instead of long. | |
1169 | ||
1170 | k. If a numeric argument is supplied to one of the bash globbing completion | |
1171 | functions, a `*' is appended to the word before expansion is attempted. | |
1172 | ||
1173 | l. The bash globbing completion functions now allow completions to be listed | |
1174 | with double tabs or if `show-all-if-ambiguous' is set. | |
1175 | ||
1176 | m. New `-o nospace' option for `complete' and `compgen' builtins; suppresses | |
1177 | readline's appending a space to the completed word. | |
1178 | ||
1179 | n. New `here-string' redirection operator: <<< word. | |
1180 | ||
1181 | o. When displaying variables, function attributes and definitions are shown | |
1182 | separately, allowing them to be re-used as input (attempting to re-use | |
1183 | the old output would result in syntax errors). | |
1184 | ||
1185 | p. There is a new configuration option `--enable-mem-scramble', controls | |
1186 | bash malloc behavior of writing garbage characters into memory at | |
1187 | allocation and free time. | |
1188 | ||
1189 | q. The `complete' and `compgen' builtins now have a new `-s/-A service' | |
1190 | option to complete on names from /etc/services. | |
1191 | ||
1192 | r. `read' has a new `-u fd' option to read from a specified file descriptor. | |
1193 | ||
1194 | s. Fix the completion code so that expansion errors in a directory name | |
1195 | don't cause a longjmp back to the command loop. | |
1196 | ||
1197 | t. Fixed word completion inside command substitution to work a little more | |
1198 | intuitively. | |
1199 | ||
1200 | u. The `printf' %q format specifier now uses $'...' quoting to print the | |
1201 | argument if it contains non-printing characters. | |
1202 | ||
1203 | v. The `declare' and `typeset' builtins have a new `-t' option. When applied | |
1204 | to functions, it causes the DEBUG trap to be inherited by the named | |
1205 | function. Currently has no effect on variables. | |
1206 | ||
1207 | w. The DEBUG trap is now run *before* simple commands, ((...)) commands, | |
1208 | [[...]] conditional commands, and for ((...)) loops. | |
1209 | ||
1210 | x. The expansion of $LINENO inside a shell function is only relative to the | |
1211 | function start if the shell is interactive -- if the shell is running a | |
1212 | script, $LINENO expands to the line number in the script. This is as | |
1213 | POSIX-2001 requires. | |
1214 | ||
1215 | y. The bash debugger in examples/bashdb has been modified to work with the | |
1216 | new DEBUG trap semantics, the command set has been made more gdb-like, | |
1217 | and the changes to $LINENO make debugging functions work better. Code | |
1218 | from Gary Vaughan. | |
1219 | ||
1220 | z. New [n]<&word- and [n]>&word- redirections from ksh93 -- move fds (dup | |
1221 | and close). | |
1222 | ||
1223 | aa. There is a new `-l' invocation option, equivalent to `--login'. | |
1224 | ||
1225 | bb. The `hash' builtin has a new `-l' option to list contents in a reusable | |
1226 | format, and a `-d' option to remove a name from the hash table. | |
1227 | ||
1228 | cc. There is now support for placing the long help text into separate files | |
1229 | installed into ${datadir}/bash. Not enabled by default; can be turned | |
1230 | on with `--enable-separate-helpfiles' option to configure. | |
1231 | ||
1232 | dd. All builtins that take operands accept a `--' pseudo-option, except | |
1233 | `echo'. | |
1234 | ||
1235 | ee. The `echo' builtin now accepts \0xxx (zero to three octal digits following | |
1236 | the `0') in addition to \xxx (one to three octal digits) for SUSv3/XPG6/ | |
1237 | POSIX.1-2001 compliance. | |
1238 | ||
1239 | ||
1240 | 2. New Features in Readline | |
1241 | ||
1242 | a. Support for key `subsequences': allows, e.g., ESC and ESC-a to both | |
1243 | be bound to readline functions. Now the arrow keys may be used in vi | |
1244 | insert mode. | |
1245 | ||
1246 | b. When listing completions, and the number of lines displayed is more than | |
1247 | the screen length, readline uses an internal pager to display the results. | |
1248 | This is controlled by the `page-completions' variable (default on). | |
1249 | ||
1250 | c. New code to handle editing and displaying multibyte characters. | |
1251 | ||
1252 | d. The behavior introduced in bash-2.05a of deciding whether or not to | |
1253 | append a slash to a completed name that is a symlink to a directory has | |
1254 | been made optional, controlled by the `mark-symlinked-directories' | |
1255 | variable (default is the 2.05a behavior). | |
1256 | ||
1257 | e. The `insert-comment' command now acts as a toggle if given a numeric | |
1258 | argument: if the first characters on the line don't specify a | |
1259 | comment, insert one; if they do, delete the comment text | |
1260 | ||
1261 | f. New application-settable completion variable: | |
1262 | rl_completion_mark_symlink_dirs, allows an application's completion | |
1263 | function to temporarily override the user's preference for appending | |
1264 | slashes to names which are symlinks to directories. | |
1265 | ||
1266 | g. New function available to application completion functions: | |
1267 | rl_completion_mode, to tell how the completion function was invoked | |
1268 | and decide which argument to supply to rl_complete_internal (to list | |
1269 | completions, etc.). | |
1270 | ||
1271 | h. Readline now has an overwrite mode, toggled by the `overwrite-mode' | |
1272 | bindable command, which could be bound to `Insert'. | |
1273 | ||
1274 | i. New application-settable completion variable: | |
1275 | rl_completion_suppress_append, inhibits appending of | |
1276 | rl_completion_append_character to completed words. | |
1277 | ||
1278 | j. New key bindings when reading an incremental search string: ^W yanks | |
1279 | the currently-matched word out of the current line into the search | |
1280 | string; ^Y yanks the rest of the current line into the search string, | |
1281 | DEL or ^H deletes characters from the search string. | |
1282 | ||
1283 | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | |
f73dda09 JA |
1284 | This is a terse description of the new features added to bash-2.05a since |
1285 | the release of bash-2.05. As always, the manual page (doc/bash.1) is | |
1286 | the place to look for complete descriptions. | |
1287 | ||
1288 | 1. New Features in Bash | |
1289 | ||
1290 | a. Added support for DESTDIR installation root prefix, so you can do a | |
1291 | `make install DESTDIR=bash-root' and do easier binary packaging. | |
1292 | ||
1293 | b. Added support for builtin printf "'" flag character as per latest POSIX | |
1294 | drafts. | |
1295 | ||
1296 | c. Support for POSIX.2 printf(1) length specifiers `j', `t', and `z' (from | |
1297 | ISO C99). | |
1298 | ||
1299 | d. New autoconf macro, RL_LIB_READLINE_VERSION, for use by other applications | |
1300 | (bash doesn't use very much of what it returns). | |
1301 | ||
1302 | e. `set [-+]o nolog' is recognized as required by the latest POSIX drafts, | |
1303 | but ignored. | |
1304 | ||
1305 | f. New read-only `shopt' option: login_shell. Set to non-zero value if the | |
1306 | shell is a login shell. | |
1307 | ||
1308 | g. New `\A' prompt string escape sequence; expands to time in 24 HH:MM format. | |
1309 | ||
1310 | h. New `-A group/-g' option to complete and compgen; does group name | |
1311 | completion. | |
1312 | ||
1313 | i. New `-t' option to `hash' to list hash values for each filename argument. | |
1314 | ||
1315 | j. New [-+]O invocation option to set and unset `shopt' options at startup. | |
1316 | ||
1317 | k. configure's `--with-installed-readline' option now takes an optional | |
1318 | `=PATH' suffix to set the root of the tree where readline is installed | |
1319 | to PATH. | |
1320 | ||
1321 | l. The ksh-like `ERR' trap has been added. The `ERR' trap will be run | |
1322 | whenever the shell would have exited if the -e option were enabled. | |
1323 | It is not inherited by shell functions. | |
1324 | ||
1325 | m. `readonly', `export', and `declare' now print variables which have been | |
1326 | given attributes but not set by assigning a value as just a command and | |
1327 | a variable name (like `export foo') when listing, as the latest POSIX | |
1328 | drafts require. | |
1329 | ||
1330 | n. `bashbug' now requires that the subject be changed from the default. | |
1331 | ||
1332 | o. configure has a new `--enable-largefile' option, like other GNU utilities. | |
1333 | ||
1334 | p. `for' loops now allow empty word lists after `in', like the latest POSIX | |
1335 | drafts require. | |
1336 | ||
1337 | q. The builtin `ulimit' now takes two new non-numeric arguments: `hard', | |
1338 | meaning the current hard limit, and `soft', meaning the current soft | |
1339 | limit, in addition to `unlimited' | |
1340 | ||
1341 | r. `ulimit' now prints the option letter associated with a particular | |
1342 | resource when printing more than one limit. | |
1343 | ||
1344 | s. `ulimit' prints `hard' or `soft' when a value is not `unlimited' but is | |
1345 | one of RLIM_SAVED_MAX or RLIM_SAVED_CUR, respectively. | |
1346 | ||
1347 | t. The `printf' builtin now handles the %a and %A conversions if they're | |
1348 | implemented by printf(3). | |
1349 | ||
1350 | u. The `printf' builtin now handles the %F conversion (just about like %f). | |
1351 | ||
1352 | v. The `printf' builtin now handles the %n conversion like printf(3). The | |
1353 | corresponding argument is the name of a shell variable to which the | |
1354 | value is assigned. | |
1355 | ||
1356 | 2. New Features in Readline | |
1357 | ||
1358 | a. Added extern declaration for rl_get_termcap to readline.h, making it a | |
1359 | public function (it was always there, just not in readline.h). | |
1360 | ||
1361 | b. New #defines in readline.h: RL_READLINE_VERSION, currently 0x0402, | |
1362 | RL_VERSION_MAJOR, currently 4, and RL_VERSION_MINOR, currently 2. | |
1363 | ||
1364 | c. New readline variable: rl_readline_version, mirrors RL_READLINE_VERSION. | |
1365 | ||
1366 | d. New bindable boolean readline variable: match-hidden-files. Controls | |
1367 | completion of files beginning with a `.' (on Unix). Enabled by default. | |
1368 | ||
1369 | e. The history expansion code now allows any character to terminate a | |
1370 | `:first-' modifier, like csh. | |
1371 | ||
1372 | f. New bindable variable `history-preserve-point'. If set, the history | |
1373 | code attempts to place the user at the same location on each history | |
1374 | line retrived with previous-history or next-history. | |
1375 | ||
1376 | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | |
28ef6c31 JA |
1377 | This is a terse description of the new features added to bash-2.05 since |
1378 | the release of bash-2.04. As always, the manual page (doc/bash.1) is | |
1379 | the place to look for complete descriptions. | |
1380 | ||
1381 | 1. New Features in Bash | |
1382 | ||
1383 | a. Added a new `--init-file' invocation argument as a synonym for `--rcfile', | |
1384 | per the new GNU coding standards. | |
1385 | ||
1386 | b. The /dev/tcp and /dev/udp redirections now accept service names as well as | |
1387 | port numbers. | |
1388 | ||
1389 | c. `complete' and `compgen' now take a `-o value' option, which controls some | |
1390 | of the aspects of that compspec. Valid values are: | |
1391 | ||
1392 | default - perform bash default completion if programmable | |
1393 | completion produces no matches | |
1394 | dirnames - perform directory name completion if programmable | |
1395 | completion produces no matches | |
1396 | filenames - tell readline that the compspec produces filenames, | |
1397 | so it can do things like append slashes to | |
1398 | directory names and suppress trailing spaces | |
1399 | ||
1400 | d. A new loadable builtin, realpath, which canonicalizes and expands symlinks | |
1401 | in pathname arguments. | |
1402 | ||
1403 | e. When `set' is called without options, it prints function defintions in a | |
1404 | way that allows them to be reused as input. This affects `declare' and | |
1405 | `declare -p' as well. This only happens when the shell is not in POSIX | |
1406 | mode, since POSIX.2 forbids this behavior. | |
1407 | ||
1408 | f. Bash-2.05 once again honors the current locale setting when processing | |
1409 | ranges within pattern matching bracket expressions (e.g., [A-Z]). | |
1410 | ||
1411 | 2. New Features in Readline | |
1412 | ||
1413 | a. The blink timeout for paren matching is now settable by applications, | |
1414 | via the rl_set_paren_blink_timeout() function. | |
1415 | ||
1416 | b. _rl_executing_macro has been renamed to rl_executing_macro, which means | |
1417 | it's now part of the public interface. | |
1418 | ||
1419 | c. Readline has a new variable, rl_readline_state, which is a bitmap that | |
1420 | encapsulates the current state of the library; intended for use by | |
1421 | callbacks and hook functions. | |
1422 | ||
1423 | d. New application-callable function rl_set_prompt(const char *prompt): | |
1424 | expands its prompt string argument and sets rl_prompt to the result. | |
1425 | ||
1426 | e. New application-callable function rl_set_screen_size(int rows, int cols): | |
1427 | public method for applications to set readline's idea of the screen | |
1428 | dimensions. | |
1429 | ||
1430 | f. New function, rl_get_screen_size (int *rows, int *columns), returns | |
1431 | readline's idea of the screen dimensions. | |
1432 | ||
1433 | g. The timeout in rl_gather_tyi (readline keyboard input polling function) | |
1434 | is now settable via a function (rl_set_keyboard_input_timeout()). | |
1435 | ||
1436 | h. Renamed the max_input_history variable to history_max_entries; the old | |
1437 | variable is maintained for backwards compatibility. | |
1438 | ||
1439 | i. The list of characters that separate words for the history tokenizer is | |
1440 | now settable with a variable: history_word_delimiters. The default | |
1441 | value is as before. | |
1442 | ||
1443 | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | |
bb70624e JA |
1444 | This is a terse description of the new features added to bash-2.04 since |
1445 | the release of bash-2.03. As always, the manual page (doc/bash.1) is | |
1446 | the place to look for complete descriptions. | |
1447 | ||
1448 | 1. New Features in Bash | |
1449 | ||
1450 | a. The history builtin has a `-d offset' option to delete the history entry | |
1451 | at position `offset'. | |
1452 | ||
1453 | b. The prompt expansion code has two new escape sequences: \j, the number of | |
1454 | active jobs; and \l, the basename of the shell's tty device name. | |
1455 | ||
1456 | c. The `bind' builtin has a new `-x' option to bind key sequences to shell | |
1457 | commands. | |
1458 | ||
1459 | d. There is a new shell option, no_empty_command_completion, which, when | |
1460 | enabled, disables command completion when TAB is typed on an empty line. | |
1461 | ||
1462 | e. The `help' builtin has a `-s' option to just print a builtin's usage | |
1463 | synopsis. | |
1464 | ||
1465 | f. There are several new arithmetic operators: id++, id-- (variable | |
f73dda09 | 1466 | post-increment/decrement), ++id, --id (variable pre-increment/decrement), |
bb70624e JA |
1467 | expr1 , expr2 (comma operator). |
1468 | ||
1469 | g. There is a new ksh-93 style arithmetic for command: | |
1470 | for ((expr1 ; expr2; expr3 )); do list; done | |
1471 | ||
1472 | h. The `read' builtin has a number of new options: | |
1473 | -t timeout only wait timeout seconds for input | |
1474 | -n nchars only read nchars from input instead of a full line | |
1475 | -d delim read until delim rather than newline | |
1476 | -s don't echo input chars as they are read | |
1477 | ||
1478 | i. The redirection code now handles several filenames specially: | |
1479 | /dev/fd/N, /dev/stdin, /dev/stdout, and /dev/stderr, whether or | |
1480 | not they are present in the file system. | |
1481 | ||
1482 | j. The redirection code now recognizes pathnames of the form | |
1483 | /dev/tcp/host/port and /dev/udp/host/port, and tries to open a socket | |
1484 | of the appropriate type to the specified port on the specified host. | |
1485 | ||
1486 | k. The ksh-93 ${!prefix*} expansion, which expands to the names of all | |
1487 | shell variables with prefix PREFIX, has been implemented. | |
1488 | ||
1489 | l. There is a new dynamic variable, FUNCNAME, which expands to the name of | |
1490 | a currently-executing function. Assignments to FUNCNAME have no effect. | |
1491 | ||
1492 | m. The GROUPS variable is no longer readonly; assignments to it are silently | |
1493 | discarded. This means it can be unset. | |
1494 | ||
1495 | n. A new programmable completion facility, with two new builtin commands: | |
1496 | complete and compgen. | |
1497 | ||
1498 | o. configure has a new option, `--enable-progcomp', to compile in the | |
1499 | programmable completion features (enabled by default). | |
1500 | ||
1501 | p. `shopt' has a new option, `progcomp', to enable and disable programmable | |
1502 | completion at runtime. | |
1503 | ||
1504 | q. Unsetting HOSTFILE now clears the list of hostnames used for completion. | |
1505 | ||
1506 | r. configure has a new option, `--enable-bash-malloc', replacing the old | |
1507 | `--with-gnu-malloc' (which is still present for backwards compatibility). | |
1508 | ||
1509 | s. There is a new manual page describing rbash, the restricted shell. | |
1510 | ||
1511 | t. `bashbug' has new `--help' and `--version' options. | |
1512 | ||
1513 | u. `shopt' has a new `xpg_echo' option, which controls the behavior of | |
1514 | `echo' with respect to backslash-escaped characters at runtime. | |
1515 | ||
1516 | v. If NON_INTERACTIVE_LOGIN_SHELLS is defined, all login shells read the | |
1517 | startup files, even if they are not interactive. | |
1518 | ||
1519 | w. The LC_NUMERIC variable is now treated specially, and used to set the | |
1520 | LC_NUMERIC locale category for number formatting, e.g., when `printf' | |
1521 | displays floating-point numbers. | |
1522 | ||
1523 | 2. New features in Readline | |
1524 | ||
1525 | a. Parentheses matching is now always compiled into readline, and enabled | |
1526 | or disabled when the value of the `blink-matching-paren' variable is | |
1527 | changed. | |
1528 | ||
1529 | b. MS-DOS systems now use ~/_inputrc as the last-ditch inputrc filename. | |
1530 | ||
1531 | c. MS-DOS systems now use ~/_history as the default history file. | |
1532 | ||
1533 | d. history-search-{forward,backward} now leave the point at the end of the | |
1534 | line when the string to search for is empty, like | |
1535 | {reverse,forward}-search-history. | |
1536 | ||
1537 | e. history-search-{forward,backward} now leave the last history line found | |
1538 | in the readline buffer if the second or subsequent search fails. | |
1539 | ||
1540 | f. New function for use by applications: rl_on_new_line_with_prompt, used | |
1541 | when an application displays the prompt itself before calling readline(). | |
1542 | ||
1543 | g. New variable for use by applications: rl_already_prompted. An application | |
1544 | that displays the prompt itself before calling readline() must set this to | |
1545 | a non-zero value. | |
1546 | ||
1547 | h. A new variable, rl_gnu_readline_p, always 1. The intent is that an | |
1548 | application can verify whether or not it is linked with the `real' | |
1549 | readline library or some substitute. | |
1550 | ||
1551 | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | |
b72432fd JA |
1552 | This is a terse description of the new features added to bash-2.03 since |
1553 | the release of bash-2.02. As always, the manual page (doc/bash.1) is | |
1554 | the place to look for complete descriptions. | |
1555 | ||
1556 | 1. New Features in Bash | |
1557 | ||
1558 | a. New `shopt' option, `restricted_shell', indicating whether or not the | |
1559 | shell was started in restricted mode, for use in startup files. | |
1560 | ||
1561 | b. Filename generation is now performed on the words between ( and ) in | |
1562 | array assignments (which it probably should have done all along). | |
1563 | ||
1564 | c. OLDPWD is now auto-exported, as POSIX.2 seems to require. | |
1565 | ||
1566 | d. ENV and BASH_ENV are read-only variables in a restricted shell. | |
1567 | ||
1568 | e. A change was made to the startup file code so that any shell begun with | |
1569 | the `--login' option, even non-interactive shells, will source the login | |
1570 | shell startup files. | |
1571 | ||
1572 | 2. New Features in Readline | |
1573 | ||
1574 | a. Many changes to the signal handling: | |
1575 | o Readline now catches SIGQUIT and cleans up the tty before returning; | |
1576 | o A new variable, rl_catch_signals, is available to application writers | |
1577 | to indicate to readline whether or not it should install its own | |
1578 | signal handlers for SIGINT, SIGTERM, SIGQUIT, SIGALRM, SIGTSTP, | |
1579 | SIGTTIN, and SIGTTOU; | |
1580 | o A new variable, rl_catch_sigwinch, is available to application | |
1581 | writers to indicate to readline whether or not it should install its | |
1582 | own signal handler for SIGWINCH, which will chain to the calling | |
1583 | applications's SIGWINCH handler, if one is installed; | |
1584 | o There is a new function, rl_free_line_state, for application signal | |
1585 | handlers to call to free up the state associated with the current | |
1586 | line after receiving a signal; | |
1587 | o There is a new function, rl_cleanup_after_signal, to clean up the | |
1588 | display and terminal state after receiving a signal; | |
1589 | o There is a new function, rl_reset_after_signal, to reinitialize the | |
1590 | terminal and display state after an application signal handler | |
1591 | returns and readline continues | |
1592 | ||
1593 | b. There is a new function, rl_resize_terminal, to reset readline's idea of | |
1594 | the screen size after a SIGWINCH. | |
1595 | ||
1596 | c. New public functions: rl_save_prompt and rl_restore_prompt. These were | |
1597 | previously private functions with a `_' prefix. | |
1598 | ||
1599 | d. New function hook: rl_pre_input_hook, called just before readline starts | |
1600 | reading input, after initialization. | |
1601 | ||
1602 | e. New function hook: rl_display_matches_hook, called when readline would | |
1603 | display the list of completion matches. The new function | |
1604 | rl_display_match_list is what readline uses internally, and is available | |
1605 | for use by application functions called via this hook. | |
1606 | ||
1607 | f. New bindable function, delete-char-or-list, like tcsh. | |
1608 | ||
1609 | g. A new variable, rl_erase_empty_line, which, if set by an application using | |
1610 | readline, will cause readline to erase, prompt and all, lines on which the | |
1611 | only thing typed was a newline. | |
1612 | ||
1613 | h. New bindable variable: `isearch-terminators'. | |
1614 | ||
1615 | i. New bindable function: `forward-backward-delete-char' (unbound by default). | |
1616 | ||
1617 | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | |
cce855bc JA |
1618 | This is a terse description of the new features added to bash-2.02 since |
1619 | the release of bash-2.01.1. As always, the manual page (doc/bash.1) is | |
1620 | the place to look for complete descriptions. | |
1621 | ||
1622 | 1. New Features in Bash | |
1623 | ||
1624 | a. A new version of malloc, based on the older GNU malloc, that has many | |
1625 | changes, is more page-based, is more conservative with memory usage, | |
1626 | and does not `orphan' large blocks when they are freed. | |
1627 | ||
1628 | b. A new version of gmalloc, based on the old GLIBC malloc, with many | |
1629 | changes and range checking included by default. | |
1630 | ||
1631 | c. A new implementation of fnmatch(3) that includes full POSIX.2 Basic | |
1632 | Regular Expression matching, including character classes, collating | |
1633 | symbols, equivalence classes, and support for case-insensitive pattern | |
1634 | matching. | |
1635 | ||
1636 | d. ksh-88 egrep-style extended pattern matching ([@+*?!](patlist)) has been | |
1637 | implemented, controlled by a new `shopt' option, `extglob'. | |
1638 | ||
1639 | e. There is a new ksh-like `[[' compound command, which implements | |
1640 | extended `test' functionality. | |
1641 | ||
1642 | f. There is a new `printf' builtin, implemented according to the POSIX.2 | |
1643 | specification. | |
1644 | ||
1645 | g. There is a new feature for command substitution: $(< filename) now expands | |
1646 | to the contents of `filename', with any trailing newlines removed | |
1647 | (equivalent to $(cat filename)). | |
1648 | ||
1649 | h. There are new tilde prefixes which expand to directories from the | |
1650 | directory stack. | |
1651 | ||
1652 | i. There is a new `**' arithmetic operator to do exponentiation. | |
1653 | ||
1654 | j. There are new configuration options to control how bash is linked: | |
1655 | `--enable-profiling', to allow bash to be profiled with gprof, and | |
1656 | `--enable-static-link', to allow bash to be linked statically. | |
1657 | ||
1658 | k. There is a new configuration option, `--enable-cond-command', which | |
1659 | controls whether or not the `[[' command is included. It is on by | |
1660 | default. | |
1661 | ||
1662 | l. There is a new configuration option, `--enable-extended-glob', which | |
1663 | controls whether or not the ksh extended globbing feature is included. | |
1664 | It is enabled by default. | |
1665 | ||
1666 | m. There is a new configuration #define in config.h.top that, when enabled, | |
1667 | will cause all login shells to source /etc/profile and one of the user- | |
1668 | specific login shell startup files, whether or not the shell is | |
1669 | interactive. | |
1670 | ||
1671 | n. There is a new invocation option, `--dump-po-strings', to dump | |
1672 | a shell script's translatable strings ($"...") in GNU `po' format. | |
1673 | ||
1674 | o. There is a new `shopt' option, `nocaseglob', to enable case-insensitive | |
1675 | pattern matching when globbing filenames and using the `case' construct. | |
1676 | ||
1677 | p. There is a new `shopt' option, `huponexit', which, when enabled, causes | |
1678 | the shell to send SIGHUP to all jobs when an interactive login shell | |
1679 | exits. | |
1680 | ||
1681 | q. `bind' has a new `-u' option, which takes a readline function name as an | |
1682 | argument and unbinds all key sequences bound to that function in a | |
1683 | specified keymap. | |
1684 | ||
1685 | r. `disown' now has `-a' and `-r' options, to limit operation to all jobs | |
1686 | and running jobs, respectively. | |
1687 | ||
1688 | s. The `shopt' `-p' option now causes output to be displayed in a reusable | |
1689 | format. | |
1690 | ||
1691 | t. `test' has a new `-N' option, which returns true if the filename argument | |
1692 | has been modified since it was last accessed. | |
1693 | ||
1694 | u. `umask' now has a `-p' option to print output in a reusable format. | |
1695 | ||
1696 | v. A new escape sequence, `\xNNN', has been added to the `echo -e' and $'...' | |
1697 | translation code. It expands to the character whose ascii code is NNN | |
1698 | in hexadecimal. | |
1699 | ||
1700 | w. The prompt string expansion code has a new `\r' escape sequence. | |
1701 | ||
1702 | x. The shell may now be cross-compiled for the CYGWIN32 environment on | |
1703 | a Unix machine. | |
1704 | ||
1705 | 2. New Features in Readline | |
1706 | ||
1707 | a. There is now an option for `iterative' yank-last-arg handline, so a user | |
1708 | can keep entering `M-.', yanking the last argument of successive history | |
1709 | lines. | |
1710 | ||
1711 | b. New variable, `print-completions-horizontally', which causes completion | |
1712 | matches to be displayed across the screen (like `ls -x') rather than up | |
1713 | and down the screen (like `ls'). | |
1714 | ||
1715 | c. New variable, `completion-ignore-case', which causes filename completion | |
1716 | and matching to be performed case-insensitively. | |
1717 | ||
1718 | d. There is a new bindable command, `magic-space', which causes history | |
1719 | expansion to be performed on the current readline buffer and a space to | |
1720 | be inserted into the result. | |
1721 | ||
1722 | e. There is a new bindable command, `menu-complete', which enables tcsh-like | |
1723 | menu completion (successive executions of menu-complete insert a single | |
1724 | completion match, cycling through the list of possible completions). | |
1725 | ||
1726 | f. There is a new bindable command, `paste-from-clipboard', for use on Win32 | |
1727 | systems, to insert the text from the Win32 clipboard into the editing | |
1728 | buffer. | |
1729 | ||
1730 | g. The key sequence translation code now understands printf-style backslash | |
1731 | escape sequences, including \NNN octal escapes. These escape sequences | |
1732 | may be used in key sequence definitions or macro values. | |
1733 | ||
1734 | h. An `$include' inputrc file parser directive has been added. | |
1735 | ||
1736 | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | |
d166f048 JA |
1737 | This is a terse description of the new features added to bash-2.01 since |
1738 | the release of bash-2.0. As always, the manual page (doc/bash.1) is the | |
1739 | place to look for complete descriptions. | |
1740 | ||
1741 | 1. New Features in Bash | |
1742 | ||
1743 | a. There is a new builtin array variable: GROUPS, the set of groups to which | |
1744 | the user belongs. This is used by the test suite. | |
1745 | ||
1746 | 2. New Features in Readline | |
1747 | ||
1748 | a. If a key sequence bound to `universal-argument' is read while reading a | |
1749 | numeric argument started with `universal-argument', it terminates the | |
1750 | argument but is otherwise ignored. This provides a way to insert multiple | |
1751 | instances of a digit string, and is how GNU emacs does it. | |
1752 | ||
1753 | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | |
ccc6cda3 JA |
1754 | This is a terse description of the new features added to bash-2.0 since |
1755 | the release of bash-1.14.7. As always, the manual page (doc/bash.1) is | |
1756 | the place to look for complete descriptions. | |
726f6388 | 1757 | |
ccc6cda3 | 1758 | 1. New Features in Bash |
726f6388 | 1759 | |
ccc6cda3 JA |
1760 | a. There is a new invocation option, -D, that dumps translatable strings |
1761 | in a script. | |
726f6388 | 1762 | |
ccc6cda3 JA |
1763 | b. The `long' invocation options must now be prefixed with `--'. |
1764 | ||
1765 | c. New long invocation options: --dump-strings, --help, --verbose | |
1766 | ||
1767 | d. The `nolineediting' invocation option was renamed to `noediting'. | |
1768 | ||
1769 | e. The `nobraceexpansion' and `quiet' long invocation options were removed. | |
1770 | ||
1771 | f. The `--help' and `--version' long options now work as the GNU coding | |
1772 | standards specify. | |
1773 | ||
1774 | g. If invoked as `sh', bash now enters posix mode after reading the | |
1775 | startup files, and reads and executes commands from the file named | |
1776 | by $ENV if interactive (as POSIX.2 specifies). A login shell invoked | |
1777 | as `sh' reads $ENV after /etc/profile and ~/.profile. | |
1778 | ||
1779 | h. There is a new reserved word, `time', for timing pipelines, builtin | |
1780 | commands, and shell functions. It uses the value of the TIMEFORMAT | |
1781 | variable as a format string describing how to print the timing | |
1782 | statistics. | |
1783 | ||
1784 | i. The $'...' quoting syntax expands ANSI-C escapes in ... and leaves the | |
1785 | result single-quoted. | |
1786 | ||
1787 | j. The $"..." quoting syntax performs locale-specific translation of ... | |
1788 | and leaves the result double-quoted. | |
1789 | ||
1790 | k. LINENO now works correctly in functions. | |
1791 | ||
1792 | l. New variables: DIRSTACK, PIPESTATUS, BASH_VERSINFO, HOSTNAME, SHELLOPTS, | |
1793 | MACHTYPE. The first three are array variables. | |
1794 | ||
1795 | m. The BASH_VERSION and BASH_VERSINFO variables now include the shell's | |
1796 | `release status' (alpha[N], beta[N], release). | |
1797 | ||
1798 | n. Some variables have been removed: MAIL_WARNING, notify, history_control, | |
1799 | command_oriented_history, glob_dot_filenames, allow_null_glob_expansion, | |
1800 | nolinks, hostname_completion_file, noclobber, no_exit_on_failed_exec, and | |
1801 | cdable_vars. Most of them are now implemented with the new `shopt' | |
1802 | builtin; others were already implemented by `set'. | |
1803 | ||
1804 | o. Bash now uses some new variables: LC_ALL, LC_MESSAGES, LC_CTYPE, | |
1805 | LC_COLLATE, LANG, GLOBIGNORE, HISTIGNORE. | |
1806 | ||
1807 | p. The shell now supports integer-indexed arrays of unlimited length, | |
1808 | with a new compound assignment syntax and changes to the appropriate | |
1809 | builtin commands (declare/typeset, read, readonly, etc.). The array | |
1810 | index may be an arithmetic expression. | |
1811 | ||
1812 | q. ${!var}: indirect variable expansion, equivalent to eval \${$var}. | |
1813 | ||
1814 | r. ${paramter:offset[:length]}: variable substring extraction. | |
1815 | ||
1816 | s. ${parameter/pattern[/[/]string]}: variable pattern substitution. | |
1817 | ||
1818 | t. The $[...] arithmetic expansion syntax is no longer supported, in | |
1819 | favor of $((...)). | |
1820 | ||
1821 | u. Aliases can now be expanded in shell scripts with a shell option | |
1822 | (shopt expand_aliases). | |
1823 | ||
1824 | v. History and history expansion can now be used in scripts with | |
1825 | set -o history and set -H. | |
1826 | ||
1827 | w. All builtins now return an exit status of 2 for incorrect usage. | |
1828 | ||
1829 | x. Interactive shells resend SIGHUP to all running or stopped children | |
1830 | if (and only if) they exit due to a SIGHUP. | |
1831 | ||
1832 | y. New prompting expansions: \a, \e, \H, \T, \@, \v, \V. | |
1833 | ||
1834 | z. Variable expansion in prompt strings is now controllable via a shell | |
1835 | option (shopt promptvars). | |
1836 | ||
1837 | aa. Bash now defaults to using command-oriented history. | |
1838 | ||
1839 | bb. The history file ($HISTFILE) is now truncated to $HISTFILESIZE after | |
1840 | being written. | |
1841 | ||
1842 | cc. The POSIX.2 conditional arithmetic evaluation syntax (expr ? expr : expr) | |
1843 | has been implemented. | |
1844 | ||
1845 | dd. Each builtin now accepts `--' to signify the end of the options, except | |
1846 | as documented (echo, etc.). | |
1847 | ||
1848 | ee. All builtins use -p to display values in a re-readable format where | |
1849 | appropriate, except as documented (echo, type, etc.). | |
1850 | ||
1851 | ff. The `alias' builtin has a new -p option. | |
1852 | ||
1853 | gg. Changes to the `bind' builtin: | |
1854 | o has new options: -psPSVr. | |
1855 | o the `-d' option was renamed to `-p' | |
1856 | o the `-v' option now dumps variables; the old `-v' is now `-P' | |
1857 | ||
1858 | hh. The `bye' synonym for `exit' was removed. | |
1859 | ||
1860 | ii. The -L and -P options to `cd' and `pwd' have been documented. | |
1861 | ||
1862 | jj. The `cd' builtin now does spelling correction on the directory name | |
1863 | by default. This is settable with a shell option (shopt cdspell). | |
1864 | ||
1865 | kk. The `declare' builtin has new options: -a, -F, -p. | |
1866 | ||
1867 | ll. The `dirs' builtin has new options: -c, -p, -v. | |
1868 | ||
1869 | mm. The new `disown' builtin removes jobs from the shell's jobs table | |
1870 | or inhibits the resending of SIGHUP when the shell receives a | |
1871 | SIGHUP. | |
1872 | ||
1873 | nn. The `echo' builtin has a new escape character: \e. | |
1874 | ||
1875 | oo. The `enable' builtin can now load new builtins dynamically from shared | |
1876 | objects on systems with the dlopen/dlsym interface. There are a number | |
1877 | of examples in the examples/loadables directory. There are also | |
1878 | new options: -d, -f, -s, -p. | |
1879 | ||
1880 | pp. The `-all' option to `enable' was removed in favor of `-a'. | |
1881 | ||
1882 | qq. The `exec' builtin has new options: -l, -c, -a. | |
1883 | ||
1884 | rr. The `hash' builtin has a new option: -p. | |
1885 | ||
1886 | ss. The `history' builtin has new options: -c, -p, -s. | |
1887 | ||
1888 | tt. The `jobs' builtin has new options: -r, -s. | |
1889 | ||
1890 | uu. The `kill' builtin has new options: -n signum, -l signame. | |
1891 | ||
1892 | vv. The `pushd' and `popd' builtins have a new option: -n. | |
1893 | ||
1894 | ww. The `read' builtin has new options: -p prompt, -e, -a. | |
1895 | ||
1896 | xx. The `readonly' builtin has a new -a option, and the -n option was removed. | |
1897 | ||
1898 | yy. Changes to the `set' builtin: | |
1899 | o new options: -B, -o keyword, -o onecmd, -o history | |
1900 | o options removed: -l, -d, -o nohash | |
1901 | o options changed: +o, -h, -o hashall | |
1902 | o now displays variables in a format that can be re-read as input | |
1903 | ||
1904 | zz. The new `shopt' builtin controls shell optional behavior previously | |
1905 | done by setting and unsetting certain shell variables. | |
1906 | ||
1907 | aaa. The `test' builtin has new operators: -o option, s1 == s2, s1 < s2, | |
1908 | and s1 > s2, where s1 and s2 are strings. | |
1909 | ||
1910 | bbb. There is a new trap, DEBUG, executed after every simple command. | |
1911 | ||
1912 | ccc. The `trap' builtin has a new -p option. | |
1913 | ||
1914 | ddd. The `ulimit' builtin has a new -l option on 4.4BSD-based systems. | |
1915 | ||
1916 | eee. The PS1, PS2, PATH, and IFS variables may now be unset. | |
1917 | ||
1918 | fff. The restricted shell mode has been expanded and is now documented. | |
1919 | ||
1920 | ggg. Security improvements: | |
1921 | o functions are not imported from the environment if running setuid | |
1922 | or with -p | |
1923 | o no startup files are sourced if running setuid or with -p | |
1924 | ||
1925 | hhh. The documentation has been overhauled: the texinfo manual was | |
1926 | expanded, and HTML versions of the man page and texinfo manual | |
1927 | are included. | |
1928 | ||
1929 | iii. Changes to Posix mode: | |
1930 | o Command lookup now finds special builtins before shell functions. | |
1931 | o Failure of a special builtin causes a non-interactive shell to | |
1932 | exit. Failures are defined in the POSIX.2 specification. | |
1933 | o If the `cd' builtin finds a directory to change to using $CDPATH, | |
1934 | the value assigned to PWD when `cd' completes does not contain | |
1935 | any symbolic links. | |
1936 | o A non-interactive shell exits if a variable assignment error | |
1937 | occurs when no command name follows the assignment statements. | |
1938 | o A non-interactive shell exits if the interation variable in a | |
1939 | `for' statement or the selection variable in a `select' statement | |
1940 | is read-only or another variable assignment error occurs. | |
1941 | o The `<>' redirection operator now opens a file for both stdin and | |
1942 | stdout by default, not just when in posix mode. | |
1943 | o Assignment statements preceding special builtins now persist in | |
1944 | the shell's environment when the builtin completes. | |
1945 | ||
1946 | Posix mode is now completely POSIX.2-compliant (modulo bugs). When | |
1947 | invoked as sh, bash should be completely POSIX.2-compliant. | |
1948 | ||
1949 | jjj. The default value of PS1 is now "\s-\v\$ ". | |
1950 | ||
1951 | kkk. The ksh-like ((...)) arithmetic command syntax has been implemented. | |
1952 | This is exactly equivalent to `let "..."'. | |
1953 | ||
1954 | lll. Integer constants have been extended to base 64. | |
1955 | ||
1956 | mmm. The `ulimit' builtin now sets both hard and soft limits and reports the | |
1957 | soft limit by default. | |
1958 | ||
1959 | 2. New Features in Readline | |
1960 | ||
1961 | a. New variables: enable-keypad, input-meta (new name for meta-flag), | |
1962 | mark-directories, visible-stats (now documented), disable-completion, | |
1963 | comment-begin. | |
1964 | ||
1965 | b. New bindable commands: kill-region, copy-region-as-kill, | |
1966 | copy-backward-word, copy-forward-word, set-mark, exchange-point-and-mark, | |
1967 | character-search, character-search-backward, insert-comment, | |
1968 | glob-expand-word, glob-list-expansions, dump-variables, dump-macros. | |
1969 | ||
1970 | c. New emacs keybindings: delete-horizontal-space (M-\), | |
1971 | insert-completions (M-*), possible-completions (M-=). | |
1972 | ||
1973 | d. The history-search-backward and history-search-forward commands were | |
1974 | modified to be the same as previous-line and next-line if point is at | |
1975 | the start of the line. | |
1976 | ||
1977 | e. More file types are available for the visible-stats mode. | |
1978 | ||
1979 | 3. Changes of interest in the Bash implementation | |
1980 | ||
1981 | a. There is a new autoconf-based configuration mechanism. | |
1982 | ||
1983 | b. More things have been moved from Posix mode to standard shell behavior. | |
1984 | ||
1985 | c. The trace output (set -x) now inserts quotes where necessary so it can | |
1986 | be reused as input. | |
1987 | ||
1988 | d. There is a compile-time option for a system-wide interactive shell | |
1989 | startup file (disabled by default). | |
1990 | ||
1991 | e. The YACC grammar is smaller and tighter, and all 66 shift-reduce | |
1992 | conflicts are gone. Several parsing bugs have been fixed. | |
1993 | ||
1994 | f. Builtin option parsing has been regularized (using internal_getopt()), | |
1995 | with the exception of `echo', `type', and `set'. | |
1996 | ||
1997 | g. Builtins now return standard usage messages constructed from the | |
1998 | `short doc' used by the help builtin. | |
1999 | ||
2000 | h. Completion now quotes using backslashes by default, but honors | |
2001 | user-supplied quotes. | |
2002 | ||
2003 | i. The GNU libc malloc is available as a configure-time option. | |
2004 | ||
2005 | j. There are more internationalization features; bash uses gettext if | |
2006 | it is available. The $"..." translation syntax uses the current | |
2007 | locale and gettext. | |
2008 | ||
2009 | k. There is better reporting of job termination when the shell is not | |
2010 | interactive. | |
2011 | ||
2012 | l. The shell is somewhat more efficient: it uses a little less memory and | |
2013 | makes fewer system calls. | |
2014 | ||
2015 | 4. Changes of interest in the Readline implementation | |
2016 | ||
2017 | a. There is now support for readline `callback' functions. | |
2018 | ||
2019 | b. There is now support for user-supplied input, redisplay, and terminal | |
2020 | preparation functions. | |
2021 | ||
2022 | c. Most of the shell-specific code in readline has been generalized or | |
2023 | removed. | |
2024 | ||
2025 | d. Most of the annoying redisplay bugs have been fixed, notably the problems | |
2026 | with incremental search and excessive redrawing when special characters | |
2027 | appear in the prompt string. | |
2028 | ||
2029 | e. There are new library functions and variables available to application | |
2030 | writers, most having to do with completion and quoting. | |
2031 | ||
2032 | f. The NEWLINE character (^J) is now treated as a search terminator by the | |
2033 | incremental search functions. | |
0001803f CR |
2034 | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
2035 | ||
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